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The beginning of pregnancy - signs, tests ( Diagnosis)

2010-09-04T10:10:00.000-07:00

Beginning of pregnancy may be detected in a number of different ways, either by a pregnant woman without medical testing, or by using medical tests with or without the assistance of a medical professional.

Most pregnant women experience a number of symptoms , which can signify pregnancy. The symptoms can include nausea and vomiting, excessive tiredness and fatigue, craving for certain foods not normally considered a favorite, and frequent urination particularly during the night.

A number of early medical signs are associated with pregnancy. These signs typically appear, if at all, within the first few weeks after conception. Although not all of these signs are universally present, nor are all of them diagnostic by themselves, taken together they make a presumptive diagnosis of pregnancy. These signs include the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood and urine, missed menstrual period, implantation bleeding that occurs at implantation of the embryo in the uterus during the third or fourth week after last menstrual period, increased basal body temperature sustained for over 2 weeks after ovulation, Chadwick's sign (darkening of the cervix, vagina, and vulva), Goodell's sign (softening of the vaginal portion of the cervix), Hegar's sign (softening of the uterus isthmus), and pigmentation of linea alba – Linea nigra, (darkening of the skin in a midline of the abdomen, caused by hyperpigmentation resulting from hormonal changes, usually appearing around the middle of pregnancy).

Pregnancy detection can be accomplished using one or more various pregnancy tests, which detect hormones generated by the newly formed placenta. Clinical blood and urine tests can detect pregnancy 12 days after implantation , which is as early as 6 to 8 days after fertilization. Blood pregnancy tests are more accurate than urine tests.[26] Home pregnancy tests are personal urine tests, which normally cannot detect a pregnancy until at least 12 to 15 days after fertilization. Both clinical and home tests can only detect the state of pregnancy, and cannot detect the date the embryo was conceived.

In the post-implantation phase, the blastocyst secretes a hormone named human chorionic gonadotropin, which in turn stimulates the corpus luteum in the woman's ovary to continue producing progesterone. This acts to maintain the lining of the uterus so that the embryo will continue to be nourished. The glands in the lining of the uterus will swell in response to the blastocyst, and capillaries will be stimulated to grow in that region. This allows the blastocyst to receive vital nutrients from the woman.

Despite all the signs, some women may not realize they are pregnant until they are quite far along in their pregnancy. In some cases, a few woman have not been aware of their pregnancy until they begin labour. This can be caused by many factors, including irregular periods (quite common in teenagers), certain medications (not related to conceiving children), and obese women who disregard their weight gain. Others may be in denial of their situation.

An early sonograph can determine the age of the pregnancy fairly accurately. In practice, doctors typically express the age of a pregnancy (i.e., an "age" for an embryo) in terms of "menstrual date" based on the first day of a woman's last menstrual period, as the woman reports it. Unless a woman's recent sexual activity has been limited, she has been charting her cycles, or the conception is the result of some types of fertility treatment (such as IUI or IVF), the exact date of fertilization is unknown. Without symptoms such as morning sickness, often the only visible sign of a pregnancy is an interruption of the woman's normal monthly menstruation cycle, (i.e., a "late period"). Hence, the "menstrual date" is simply a common educated estimate for the age of a fetus, which is an average of 2 weeks later than the first day of the woman's last menstrual period. The term "conception date" may sometimes be used when that date is more certain, though even medical professionals can be imprecise with their use of the two distinct terms. The due date can be calculated by using Naegele's rule. The expected date of delivery may also be calculated from sonogram measurement of the fetus. This method is slightly more accurate than methods based on LMP.

Diagnostic criteria are: Women who have menstrual cycles and are sexually active, a period delayed by a few days or weeks is suggestive of pregnancy; elevated B-hcG to around 100,000 mIU/mL by 10 weeks of gestation.

Pregnancy

2010-09-04T09:55:00.000-07:00

A Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more offspring, known as a fetus or embryo, inside the womb of a female. In a pregnancy, there can be multiple gestations, as in the case of twins or triplets.
Childbirth usually occurs about 38 weeks after conception; i.e., approximately 40 weeks from the last normal menstrual period (LNMP) in humans. The World Health Organization defines normal term for delivery as between 37 weeks and 42 weeks.

Pregnancy occurs as the result of the female gamete or oocyte merging with the male gamete, spermatozoon, in a process referred to, in medicine, as fertilization, or more commonly known as "conception". After the point of fertilization, it is referred to as a zygote or fertilized egg. The fusion of male and female gametes usually occurs through the act of sexual intercourse, resulting in spontaneous pregnancy. However, the advent of artificial insemination and in vitro fertilisation have also made achieving pregnancy possible in cases where sexual intercourse does not result in fertilization (e.g., through choice or male/female infertility).

The process of fertilization occurs in more than a single step, and the interruption of any of these can lead to a failure. Therefore, what is commonly known as "conception" is much more than the fusion between the female gamete and male spermatozoon. Through fertilization, the egg and sperm are saved: the egg is activated to begin its developmental program, and the haploid nuclei of the two gametes come together to form the genome of a new diploid organism.

At the very beginning of the process, the sperm undergoes a series of changes which makes pregnancy likely to occur. As freshly ejaculated sperm is unable or poorly able to fertilize [10], the sperm undergoes the phenomenon called capacitation. It is estimated that during the ejaculation, 300,000,000 sperma is released, from which only 200 reach the oviduct. Capacitation is the process through which the spermatozoon is prepared for the merging with the egg. Capacitation occurs in 5 to 6 hours and it takes place once the sperm reaches the vagina. This is also the process through which the spermatozoon becomes hyperactivated and prepared for the acrosome reaction. In order to be able to fecundate the egg, the sperm must get through the coat surrounding the egg, the so called "zona pellucida". Once zona pellucida is penetrated, the sperm is able to reach the oocyte. But in order to get through the egg's coat, the sperm undergoes an acrosome reaction that provides it with and enzymatic drill which is able to penetrate zona pellucida. The acrosome itself is a modified lysosome, situated on the anterior part of the head of the sperm.

Once a sperm penetrates the zona pellucida, it binds to and fuses with the plasma membrane of the oocyte. Binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head. After binding occurs, the egg must also undergo a series of metabolic and physical changes which may influence the further development of the zygote. These changes are called in medicine egg activation, mainly because prior to fertilization, the egg is in a latent state.

Methods to assist reproduction also include intracytoplasmic sperm injection, gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT), and embryo cryopreservation (frozen fertilized egg and sperm). These techniques are considered as alternatives to get pregnant by women who have tried unsuccessfully for at least one year. It is estimated that in the United States, more than 6 million adults , or 10% of the adult population, are affected by infertility.

Bronchitis - baby & child

2010-06-27T06:12:00.000-07:00

Bronchitis on baby & child
The Symptoms
Your toddler may first have cold symptoms, like a sore throat, fatigue, a runny nose, chills, aches, and a slight fever (100 to 101 degrees F). He'll develop a cough, which often starts out dry and unproductive but winds up producing greenish or yellowish mucus. He may gag or vomit while coughing.

Your toddler's chest may hurt, he may feel short of breath, and he may wheeze. If the bronchitis is severe, his fever may climb for a few days, and his cough may linger for several weeks as the bronchi heal.

Some people — almost always adults who smoke or children who live with smokers — suffer from bronchitis symptoms for months at a time. This is called chronic bronchitis (as opposed to infectious or acute bronchitis), and it's one excellent reason to keep cigarettes out of your house.

Bronchitis
Bronchitis is an infection or inflammation of the large air passages to the lungs. (These airways are called bronchi.) When your toddler has a cold, sore throat, flu, or sinus infection, the virus that caused the misery can spread to the bronchi. Once the germs take hold there, the airways become swollen, inflamed, and partly blocked with mucus. While bacterial infections and irritants such as cigarette smoke, fumes, and dust can trigger bronchitis, viruses are the most common culprits in children.

Acute Bronchitis

2010-06-27T06:05:00.000-07:00

Acute bronchitis is an infection of the bronchial tree. The bronchial tree is made up of the tubes that carry air into your lungs. When these tubes get infected, they swell and mucus (thick fluid) forms inside them. This makes it hard for you to breathe.

Acute bronchitis is bronchitis that lasts a short time (several weeks or less), while chronic bronchitis is bronchitis that is long-lasting or recurring (and is usually caused by constant irritation of the bronchial tree, such as from smoking).

Acute bronchitis is almost always caused by viruses that attack the lining of the bronchial tree and cause infection. As your body fights back against these viruses, more swelling occurs and more mucus is produced. It takes time for your body to kill the viruses and heal the damage to your bronchial tubes.

In most cases, the same viruses that cause colds cause acute bronchitis. Research has shown that bacterial infection is a much less common cause of bronchitis than doctors used to think. Very rarely, an infection caused by a fungus can cause acute bronchitis. Exposure to an irritant (such as smoke, dust or pollutants in the air) may cause bronchitis.

Most cases of acute bronchitis will go away on their own. It's a good idea to get plenty of rest, drink lots of noncaffeinated fluids (for example, water and fruit juices) and increase the humidity in your environment. Over-the-counter pain relievers can reduce inflammation, ease pain and lower fever. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (such as ibuprofen, naproxen and aspirin) help with pain and inflammation. Acetaminophen helps with pain and reducing fever.

It is okay to take an over-the-counter cough suppressant if your cough is dry (not producing any mucus). It's best not to suppress a cough that brings up mucus because this type of cough helps clear the mucus from your bronchial tree faster. Cough medicine is not recommended for children, especially those under 4 years of age.

Because acute bronchitis is usually caused by viruses, antibiotics do not help. Even if you cough up mucus that is colored or thick, antibiotics probably won’t help you get better any faster. However, if your doctor thinks your bronchitis is caused by a bacteria, he or she may prescribe antibiotics.

If you smoke, you should quit. This will help your bronchial tree heal faster.

Some people who have acute bronchitis need medicines that are usually used to treat asthma. If you hear yourself wheezing, this indicates you may need asthma medicines. These medicines can help open the bronchial tubes and clear out mucus. They are usually given with an inhaler. An inhaler sprays the medicine right into the bronchial tree. Your doctor will decide if this treatment is right for you.

Antiviral Drugs and Swine Influenza (pig Flu)

2009-04-28T04:45:00.000-07:00

Antiviral Drugs For Swine Influenza (pig Flu) : benefit & Prevention

Antiviral Drugs
Antiviral drugs are prescription medicines (pills, liquid or an inhaler) with activity against influenza viruses, including swine influenza viruses. Antiviral drugs can be used to treat swine flu or to prevent infection with swine flu viruses. These medications must be prescribed by a health care professional. Influenza antiviral drugs only work against influenza viruses -- they will not help treat or prevent symptoms caused by infection from other viruses that can cause symptoms similar to the flu.
There are four influenza antiviral drugs approved for use in the United States (oseltamivir, zanamivir, amantadine and rimantadine). The swine influenza A (H1N1) viruses that have been detected in humans in the United States and Mexico are resistant to amantadine and rimantadine so these drugs will not work against these swine influenza viruses. Laboratory testing on these swine influenza A (H1N1) viruses so far indicate that they are susceptible (sensitive) to oseltamivir and zanamivir.

Benefits of Antiviral Drugs (pig flu /Swine Flu)
Treatment: If you get sick, antiviral drugs can make your illness milder and make you feel better faster. They may also prevent serious influenza complications. For treatment, antiviral drugs work best if started as soon after getting sick as possible, and might not work if started more than 48 hours after illness starts.

Prevention (Pig Flu / Swine Flu) : Influenza antiviral drugs also can be used to prevent influenza when they are given to a person who is not ill, but who has been or may be near a person with swine influenza. When used to prevent the flu, antiviral drugs are about 70% to 90% effective. When used for prevention, the number of days that they should be used will vary depending on a person’s particular situation.

CDC Recommendation
CDC recommends the use of oseltamivir or zanamivir for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with swine influenza viruses.

Oseltamivir (brand name Tamiflu ®) is approved to both treat and prevent influenza A and B virus infection in people one year of age and older.
Zanamivir (brand name Relenza ®) is approved to treat influenza A and B virus infection in people 7 years and older and to prevent influenza A and B virus infection in people 5 years and older.
Recommendations for using antiviral drugs for treatment or prevention of swine influenza will change as we learn more about this new virus.
Clinicians should consider treating any person with confirmed or suspected swine influenza with an antiviral drug. Visit:http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/recommendations.htm.for specific recommendations.

Stay Healthy (Pig Flu / swine influenza)

2009-04-28T04:41:00.000-07:00

What You Can Do to Stay Healthy from Pig flu Virus
There are everyday actions people can take to stay healthy.

Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it.
Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hands cleaners are also effective.
Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread that way.
Try to avoid close contact with sick people.

Influenza is thought to spread mainly person-to-person through coughing or sneezing of infected people.
If you get sick, CDC recommends that you stay home from work or school and limit contact with others to keep from infecting them.

Swine Influenza ( pig Flu) cases

2009-04-28T04:35:00.000-07:00

Pig flu (swine flu)

Human cases of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection have been identified in the United States. Human cases of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection also have been identified internationally. The current U.S. case count is provided below.

An investigation and response effort surrounding the outbreak of swine flu is ongoing.
CDC is working very closely with officials in states where human cases of swine influenza A (H1N1) have been identified, as well as with health officials in Mexico, Canada and the World Health Organization. This includes deploying staff domestically and internationally to provide guidance and technical support.

CDC activated its Emergency Operations Center to coordinate the agency's response to this emerging health threat and yesterday the Secretary of the Department Homeland Security, Janet Napolitano, declared a public health emergency in the United States. This will allow funds to be released to support the public health response. CDC's goals during this public health emergency are to reduce transmission and illness severity, and provide information to assist health care providers, public health officials and the public in addressing the challenges posed by this newly identified influenza virus. To this end, CDC has issued a number of interim guidance documents in the past 24 hours. In addition, CDC's Division of the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) is releasing one-quarter of its antiviral drugs, personal protective equipment, and respiratory protection devices to help states respond to the outbreak. Laboratory testing has found the swine influenza A (H1N1) virus susceptible to the prescription antiviral drugs oseltamivir and zanamivir. This is a rapidly evolving situation and CDC will provide updated guidance and new information as it becomes available.http://www.cdc.gov-April 28, 2009

Signs in Children (pig Flu/Swine flu)

2009-04-28T04:27:00.000-07:00

Pig Flu/Swine flu Signs in Children & preparing pork

In children emergency warning signs that need urgent medical attention include:
Fast breathing or trouble breathing
Bluish skin color
Not drinking enough fluids
Not waking up or not interacting
Being so irritable that the child does not want to be held
Flu-like symptoms improve but then return with fever and worse cough
Fever with a rash
In adults, emergency warning signs that need urgent medical attention include:
Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen
Sudden dizziness
Confusion
Severe or persistent vomiting

How serious is swine flu (Pig Flu) infection?
Like seasonal flu, swine flu in humans can vary in severity from mild to severe. Between 2005 until January 2009, 12 human cases of swine flu were detected in the U.S. with no deaths occurring. However, swine flu infection can be serious. In September 1988, a previously healthy 32-year-old pregnant woman in Wisconsin was hospitalized for pneumonia after being infected with swine flu and died 8 days later. A swine flu outbreak in Fort Dix, New Jersey occurred in 1976 that caused more than 200 cases with serious illness in several people and one death.

Can I get swine influenza from eating or preparing pork?
No. Swine influenza (pig Flu viruses are not spread by food. You cannot get swine influenza from eating pork or pork products. Eating properly handled and cooked pork products is safe.
Questions & Answers: www.cdc.gov

Medicines to treat Swine flu (pig Flu)

2009-04-28T04:22:00.000-07:00

Are there medicines to treat swine flu?
Yes. CDC recommends the use of oseltamivir or zanamivir for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with these swine influenza viruses. Antiviral drugs are prescription medicines (pills, liquid or an inhaler) that fight against the flu by keeping flu viruses from reproducing in your body. If you get sick, antiviral drugs can make your illness milder and make you feel better faster. They may also prevent serious flu complications. For treatment, antiviral drugs work best if started soon after getting sick (within 2 days of symptoms).

How long can an infected person spread swine flu to others?
People with swine influenza virus infection should be considered potentially contagious as long as they are symptomatic and possible for up to 7 days following illness onset. Children, especially younger children, might potentially be contagious for longer periods.

What surfaces are most likely to be sources of contamination?
Germs can be spread when a person touches something that is contaminated with germs and then touches his or her eyes, nose, or mouth. Droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person move through the air. Germs can be spread when a person touches respiratory droplets from another person on a surface like a desk and then touches their own eyes, mouth or nose before washing their hands.

How long can viruses live outside the body?
We know that some viruses and bacteria can live 2 hours or longer on surfaces like cafeteria tables, doorknobs, and desks. Frequent handwashing will help you reduce the chance of getting contamination from these common surfaces.

What can I do to protect myself from getting sick?
There is no vaccine available right now to protect against swine flu. There are everyday actions that can help prevent the spread of germs that cause respiratory illnesses like influenza. Take these everyday steps to protect your health:

Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it.
Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hand cleaners are also effective.
Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread this way.
Try to avoid close contact with sick people.
If you get sick with influenza, CDC recommends that you stay home from work or school and limit contact with others to keep from infecting them.
What is the best way to keep from spreading the virus through coughing or sneezing?

If you are sick, limit your contact with other people as much as possible. Do not go to work or school if ill. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing. It may prevent those around you from getting sick. Put your used tissue in the waste basket. Cover your cough or sneeze if you do not have a tissue. Then, clean your hands, and do so every time you cough or sneeze.

What is the best way to keep from spreading the virus through coughing or sneezing?
If you are sick, limit your contact with other people as much as possible. Do not go to work or school if ill. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing. It may prevent those around you from getting sick. Put your used tissue in the waste basket. Cover your cough or sneeze if you do not have a tissue. Then, clean your hands, and do so every time you cough or sneeze.

What is the best technique for washing my hands to avoid getting the flu?
Washing your hands often will help protect you from germs. Wash with soap and water. or clean with alcohol-based hand cleaner. we recommend that when you wash your hands -- with soap and warm water -- that you wash for 15 to 20 seconds. When soap and water are not available, alcohol-based disposable hand wipes or gel sanitizers may be used. You can find them in most supermarkets and drugstores. If using gel, rub your hands until the gel is dry. The gel doesn't need water to work; the alcohol in it kills the germs on your hands.

What should I do if I get sick?
If you live in areas where swine influenza cases have been identified and become ill with influenza-like symptoms, including fever, body aches, runny nose, sore throat, nausea, or vomiting or diarrhea, you may want to contact their health care provider, particularly if you are worried about your symptoms. Your health care provider will determine whether influenza testing or treatment is needed.

If you are sick, you should stay home and avoid contact with other people as much as possible to keep from spreading your illness to others.

If you become ill and experience any of the following warning signs, seek emergency medical care.
from : Questions & Answers: www.cdc.gov

Signs & Symptoms (Swine/Pig flu)

2009-04-28T04:16:00.000-07:00

What are the signs and symptoms of swine flu (pig flu) in people?
The symptoms of swine flu in people are similar to the symptoms of regular human flu and include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. Some people have reported diarrhea and vomiting associated with swine flu. In the past, severe illness (pneumonia and respiratory failure) and deaths have been reported with swine flu infection in people. Like seasonal flu, swine flu may cause a worsening of underlying chronic medical conditions.

How does swine flu spread?
Spread of this swine influenza A (H1N1) virus is thought to be happening in the same way that seasonal flu spreads. Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing of people with influenza. Sometimes people may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.

How can someone with the flu infect someone else?
Infected people may be able to infect others beginning 1 day before symptoms develop and up to 7 or more days after becoming sick. That means that you may be able to pass on the flu to someone else before you know you are sick, as well as while you are sick.

What should I do to keep from getting the flu?
First and most important: wash your hands. Try to stay in good general health. Get plenty of sleep, be physically active, manage your stress, drink plenty of fluids, and eat nutritious food. Try not touch surfaces that may be contaminated with the flu virus. Avoid close contact with people who are sick.

www.cdc.gov

Pig Flu (Swine Influenza) and You

2009-04-28T04:11:00.000-07:00

Pig Flu (Swine Influenza) and You
What is swine flu?
Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza viruses that causes regular outbreaks in pigs. People do not normally get swine flu, but human infections can and do happen. Swine flu viruses have been reported to spread from person-to-person, but in the past, this transmission was limited and not sustained beyond three people.

Are there human infections with swine flu in the U.S.?
In late March and early April 2009, cases of human infection with swine influenza A (H1N1) viruses were first reported in Southern California and near San Antonio, Texas. Other U.S. states have reported cases of swine flu infection in humans and cases have been reported internationally as well. An updated case count of confirmed swine flu infections in the United States is kept at http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/investigation.htm CDC and local and state health agencies are working together to investigate this situation.

Is this swine flu virus contagious?
CDC has determined that this swine influenza A (H1N1) virus is contagious and is spreading from human to human. However, at this time, it not known how easily the virus spreads between people.

Swine Influenza

2009-04-28T01:44:00.000-07:00

PIG-Flu (Swine Influenza) - According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in humans the symptoms of swine flu are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. A few more patients than usual have also reported diarrhea and vomiting.
Because these symptoms are not specific to swine flu, a differential diagnosis of probable swine flu requires not only symptoms but also a high likelihood of swine flu due to the person's recent history. For example, during the 2009 swine flu outbreak in the United States, CDC advised physicians to "consider swine influenza infection in the differential diagnosis of patients with acute febrile respiratory illness who have either been in contact with persons with confirmed swine flu, or who were in one of the five U.S. states that have reported swine flu cases or in Mexico during the 7 days preceding their illness onset." A diagnosis of confirmed swine flu requires laboratory testing of a respiratory sample (a simple nose and throat swab).wikipedia.org

PIG Flu (Swine Influenza)

2009-04-28T01:09:00.000-07:00

Swine influenza (also swine flu) refers to influenza caused by any virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae, that is endemic to pig (swine) populations. Strains endemic in swine are called swine influenza virus (SIV), and all known strains of SIV are classified as Influenzavirus A (common) or Influenzavirus C (rare). Influenzavirus B has not been reported in swine. All three clades, Influenzavirus A, B, and C, are endemic in humans.
People who work with poultry and swine(pigs), especially people with intense exposures, are at risk of infection from these animals if the animals carry a strain that is also able to infect humans. SIV can mutate into a form that allows it to pass from human to human.
In humans, the symptoms of Pig Flu (swine flu - pork Flu) are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general.
In swine, three influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2) are circulating throughout the world. In the United States, the H1N1 subtype was exclusively prevalent among swine populations before 1998; however, since late August 1998, H3N2 subtypes have been isolated from pigs. As of 2004, H3N2 virus isolates in US swine and turkey stocks were triple reassortants, containing genes from human (HA, NA, and PB1), swine (NS, NP, and M), and avian (PB2 and PA) lineages. wikipedia.org

Cold-sores

2007-02-12T07:58:00.000-08:00

Cold sores,or fever blisters, are small red blisters that crop up near the lips or on them.

Cold sores symptoms in child: the childs don't develop cold sores immediately after the first time they catch the virus. Instead, your child may have swollen gums and a sore feeling in the mouth. A few days later, you may see a cluster of small blisters that turn into a shallow, painful sore, possibly accompanied by fever and swollen lymph glands in the neck. In a few days the sore will crust over and slowly disappear. The whole flare-up lasts about seven to ten days.

The childs pick up the virus by sharing food with or kissing someone who has a cold sore. They can also get the infection from someone who doesn't have a visible sore but has the virus in his or her saliva and Once you contract the virus, it stays in your body for good, hiding in nerve cells near your ear. In some people, the virus lies dormant and never causes harm. In others, it periodically wakes up and triggers cold sores. Nobody knows what stirs the virus into action, but fever, colds, stress, and sunburn seem to encourage outbreaks.

Cold sores treatment : To keep your child from infecting other parts of his body or giving the virus to someone else, encourage him to wash his hands regularly and keep him from picking at his sores and Cold sores in child will go away on their own, but there are some things you can do to help your child feel better in the meantime:- Apply ice to the sore or give your child a mild pain reliever, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen. (Never give aspirin to children or teenagers; it may trigger Reye's syndrome, a rare but potentially life-threatening illness.) - Have your child avoid salty, spicy, and sour foods, which irritate the raw nerves in the sore. - Dab on a water-based zinc ointment. It helps dry out the sore so it can heal faster, and the zinc may also aid the immune system.

Caugh in childs

2007-02-09T03:35:00.000-08:00

My baby coughing; The coughing is also valuable because it signals irritation in the airways. Pollen, dust, or tobacco smoke can make the muscles in the lungs' small breathing tubes constrict. This may lead to a dry, hacking cough or a wet, wheezing cough - either of which may be a warning sign of asthma or of a condition known as reactive airways disease.

Cause coughing : -Microbes: the bacteria trigger pneumonia, which often results in bad coughs and high fevers. Other microbes, cause whooping cough and tuberculosis, can also give rise to severe coughing. -Asthma: Children with this condition cough more often, and their coughs last longer. They tend to get hay fever and eczema (itchy patches of skin and red) and frequently have strong family histories of allergy and Asthma : -Irritants such as tobacco smoke, dust, wood smoke, and chemical fumes. Some children who have acid indigestion (heartburn), which irritates the throat, cough as well. -Certain genetic diseases. Some of these illnesses may cause coughing by distorting the breathing passages; the thick mucous that accompanies cystic fibrosis also causes persistent coughing. -Foreign matter in the lungs. Cough Treatment in child : use the medicine to suppress a cough can be dangerous if your child has asthma or whooping cough or is less than one year old. The a wet, productive cough that brings up mucus should never be suppressed. Prescription cough medicines often include codeine and hydrocodone powerful opiate drugs that need to be used with caution and only under your pediatrician's direction. Both drugs can make it more difficult for very young children to breathe.Despite the widespread use of cough medications for children, researchers haven't studied their usefulness or the dosages at which they should be administered. If a dry cough is keeping your child from getting enough sleep, though, you may want to consider using a cough medicine, and choose the one that contains the fewest active ingredients; for a child under six, it's best to avoid products that contain decongestants and antihistamines. The dextromethorphan: the active ingredient in most over the counter cough medicines, will suppress an irritating cough. Even if it's a temptation, avoid giving cough medicine to children with asthma; use their asthma medicine instead.

Colds and Childs

2007-02-09T03:09:00.000-08:00

(colds and symton and treatment) : My or Your Childs on develop is immunity to the viruses one cold at a time, and common cold is caused by a virus common cold is a group of symptoms that includes runny nose, fever, sore throat, and cough. red eyes and swollen lymph nodes on either side of his neck.

If he has those symptoms, he very likely has the common cold.and protect my child against colds; Frequent or always hand-washing is one of your best weapons against the common cold. Cold viruses are spread by body secretions that penetrate the protective mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and throat. The hardy viruses can survive for a few hours on hands, tissues, countertops, and toys. In addition to encouraging your child to wash his hands often, teach him to cover his mouth and nose when he coughs or sneezes, and to dispose of tissues in the trash to avoid spreading germs.Treatment : there's no way to speed up the healing process, the best you can do is manage the symptoms. Offer your child plenty of water and soup: His body is working harder to fight off the infection, and fevers increase fluid requirements. Warm liquids, like chicken soup and vegetable broth, soothe the throat and temporarily unclog congested nasal passages. Stop the nose: Nasal congestion is the most aggravating symptom of the common cold; you can expect toddlers and preschoolers to waken at night because of it. Teach your child to sniff up the mucus and swallow it as well as to blow into a tissue. A humidifier or a cool-mist vaporizer can prevent nasal passages from drying out, which makes the mucus more difficult to remove.Home treatment for colds: Never use Ma huang,or ephedra or ephedrine, a plant-derived decongestant, for a child. Its strength can vary widely, and the Food and Drug Administration has linked it (adults) to 1,000 adverse reactions, including high blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, seizures, heart attack, and stroke.Some parents have asked about zinc lozenges thought to modify the strength and duration of cold symptoms in adults. The unpalatable lozenges, which must be sucked every few hours for the first days of a cold, haven't been studied in children, but they might be worth a try. Remember: Children under 4 years old should not suck on lozenges because they're a choking hazard.
Vitamin C and immune system; Vitamin C may modify cold symptoms, although the high doses required can cause diarrhea. Long-term effects of megavitamin C are unknown, so stick to a multivitamin. Make sure your child is eating a healthy diet, resting enough, and when he's not sick and getting plenty of exercise.

: Coconut Oil ; Virgin coconut

2006-10-27T09:56:00.000-07:00

Coconut oil get found : Lauric Acid and this is necessary for good health. - Benefit coconut oil or Virgin Coconut oil - Lauric acid is a medium chain fatty acid, which has the additional beneficial function of being formed into monolaurin in the human or animal body. Monolaurin is the antiviral, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal monoglyceride used by the human or animal to destroy lipid coated viruses such as HIV, herpes, cytomegalovirus, influenza, various pathogenic bacteria including listeria monocytogenes and heliobacter pylori, and protozoa such as giardia lamblia. Some studies have also shown some antimicrobial effects of the free lauric acid. Virgin Coconut Oil , Coconut oil

flu lead to a more serious illness?

2006-05-31T09:41:00.000-07:00

Can the flu lead to a more serious illness?
Yes. The flu can turn into ear, sinus, or dangerous lung infections such as pneumonia. But most normally healthy children make a full recovery from the flu in three to five days.
How did get the flu?
Children usually become infected through contact with someone who has the flu or by touching infected items such as plastic toys and utensils. People can pass on the flu virus by touching, kissing, and coughing, and the hardy virus can live for up to two hours on the surface of objects like toys or bedposts. Because it's so easily transmitted in densely populated areas such as schools, the flu has the highest incidence among children ages 5 to 14.
Prevent
The flu virus is so easily spread through human touch, on objects, and in the air -- it's tough to guard your child against it. Teach her to wash her hands frequently to reduce her risk, keep her away from secondhand smoke, and provide a good diet to keep her immune system healthy. (Since people are most contagious during the 24 hours before symptoms appear, good hygiene is important at all times. :)

Teaching Music for kids

2006-05-19T12:18:00.000-07:00

dTeaching Music for kids or chi

Important?
"I would teach children music, physics, and philosophy; but most importantly music, for in the patterns of music and all arts are the keys to learning." Plato , philosopher

The Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities has found a connection between students having musical competence and high motivation in that they were more likely to achieve success in school. They concluded that there is a high correlation between positive self-perception, high cognitive competence scores, self-esteem and interest and involvement in school music.
Learning to read music enhances the student’s ability to perform the skills necessary for reading, listening, anticipating, forecasting, memory training, recall skills, concentration techniques and speed reading. Winston, E.W.

A two year study by UCI researchers provides the strongest evidence to date that exposure to music at an early age can enhance early childhood development of the brain.
The study involved 78 three-and four-year-old children of normal intelligence from three preschools in Southern California.

Thirty-four received private piano lessons, 20 received private computer instruction, ten received group singing lessons and 14 in a control group received no special lessons. None had prior music lessons or computer training. The results? Children who received basic piano instruction scored an average of 34 percent higher on tests of their reasoning skills than children who were given computer or singing lessons.""Keys to reasoning"

Dr. Jean Houston of the Foundation for Mind Research says that children without access to an arts program are actually damaging their brain. They are not being exposed to non-verbal tools that can assist them in reading, writing and math. Roehmann, Franz L. & Wilson

Using specific music allows you to do strenuous mental work while remaining relaxed and focused.

Without music the following physiological effects take place:
+ The pulse and blood pressure rise.
+ Brain waves speed up.
+ Muscles tense. With appropriate music the effects are as follows:
+ The pulse and blood pressure decrease.
+ The brain waves slow down.
+ The muscles relax.
The music Research found most conducive to this state is baroque music, like that of Bach, Handel, Pachelbel, and Vivaldi. These composers used very specific beats and patterns that automatically synchronize our minds and our bodies. For instance, most baroque music is timed at sixty beats per minute, which is the same as an average resting heart rate. As you might know, the influence of baroque music is not limited to humans; in experiments, the plants grew lush foliage and large roots when baroque music was played to them, and they leaned toward the music as if toward the sun. (By the way, when exposed to acid rock music, these same plants shriveled and died.) It has been theorized that in very left-brain situations such as studying new material, music awakens the intuitive, creative right brain so that its input can be integrated into the whole process. Playing music is an effective way to occupy your right brain while concentrating on left-brain activities.

"Without the arts, education is not education but vocational training. Practicing one’s profession successfully calls for skills in dealing with people, for being able to comprehend the connection between cause and effect, and for the ability to carry the burdens placed on the individual in a free society. The arts help to prepare the human mind for such needs." Norman Cousins, writer and educator.

lets the knowing about a music to we are kids like : guitar, piano, violin, drums, flute, or something :)kids.

Bedwetting

2006-05-12T09:51:00.000-07:00

Bedwetting

Doctors don't know for sure what causes bedwetting or why it stops. But it is considered a natural part of development, and kids eventually grow out of it. Most of the time bedwetting is not a sign of any deeper medical or emotional issues.

How Common Is Bedwetting? Primary enuresis, the medical name for bedwetting, typically starts when kids are toddlers. It is very common among kids who are 6 years old or younger. About 15% of 6-year-olds wet the bed. And about 5% of 10-year-olds wet the bed.
Bedwetting often runs in families : Most kids who wet the bed have a relative that did it, too. If both parents wet the bed when they were young, it's very likely that their child will as well.
Coping With Bedwetting Bedwetting usually goes away on its own. But until it does, it can be embarrassing and uncomfortable for your child. So it's important that you provide support and positive reinforcement during this process.
It's a good idea to reassure your child that bedwetting is a normal part of growing up and that it's not going to last forever. It may comfort your child to hear about other family members who also struggled with it when they were young.
You may want to remind your child to go to the bathroom one final time before bedtime. Some parents try waking their kids in the middle of the night, but most of the time, that doesn't end the bedwetting.
When your child wakes with wet sheets, have your child help you change the sheets. Explain that this isn't punishment, but it is a part of the process. It may even help your child feel better knowing that he or she helped out.
When to Talk With Your Child's Doctor In rare cases, when bedwetting begins abruptly and is accompanied by other symptoms, it can be a sign of another medical condition, and you may want to talk with your child's doctor.
The doctor may check for signs of a urinary tract infection, constipation, bladder problems, diabetes, or severe stress.
It's a good idea to call your doctor if your child suddenly starts wetting the bed after being consistently dry for at least 6 months. You may also want to call the doctor if your child begins to wet his or her pants during the day, starts misbehaving at school or at home, or if your child complains of a burning sensation when he or she goes to the bathroom.
In the meantime, your support and patience can go a long way in helping your child feel better about the bedwetting. Remember that the long-term outlook is excellent, and in almost all cases, dry days are just ahead.mother's day gift

the best away to treat a baby's cold

2006-05-08T06:38:00.000-07:00

What is the best way to treat a baby's cold?
Viruses don't respond to antibiotics, so no medicine will cure a cold. Your baby's immune system has to fight it off. And don't give your baby over-the-counter cold remedies, at least not without checking with your doctor first. Doctors usually advise against using cough suppressants because coughing serves the important purpose of clearing your baby's airways. (Talk to your doctor, however if coughing interrupts your baby's sleep. If your baby has a fever, you can give her a pain reliever like children's acetaminophen (Tylenol) or, if your baby is at least six months old, children's ibuprofen to bring it down and make her more comfortable. But never give aspirin, which can cause Reye's syndrome, a serious condition.
There are lots of ways you can make your baby feel better and make sure the cold goes away quickly and doesn't turn into something worse. Here are the basics of cold care:
+ Make sure she gets plenty of rest and sleep.
+ Give her plenty of fluids such as breast milk, milk, or formula, water, or juice to loosen the congestion and help prevent dehydration. Counter congestion by putting over-the-counter saline drops in her nose, then suctioning out the mucus with a suction bulb. Clearing out your baby's nasal passages will help also ease breastfeeding, so do this just before feeding time.
+ Ease irritation around her nostrils by applying petroleum jelly or another topical ointment Moisten the air she breathes by running a cool mist vaporizer in her room. Or make your own steam room by taking your baby into the bathroom with you while you run a hot shower to create steam.
+ Ease your baby's breathing by letting her sleep in the infant car seat or slightly elevating the head of her mattress by placing a folded towel or blanket under the end where her head goes. Don't overdo it, though, or she may roll down to the other end.

(Never use pillows to prop up your baby; they could suffocate her if she rolls over the wrong way.)

ReferencesAmerican Academy of Pediatrics. Common Colds and Young Children

Bronchitis

2006-05-08T06:14:00.000-07:00

What is bronchitis?
When your child has a cold , sore throat , flu , or sinus infection, the virus that caused the misery can spread to the bronchial tubes that connect her throat to her lungs. Once the germs take hold there, her airways become swollen, inflamed, and partly blocked with mucus, a condition known as bronchitis.
Your child will start coughing deeply and might spit out green, gray, or yellowish phlegm. Her chest may hurt, she may have a slight fever, and she'll probably feel constantly tired.
While bacterial infections and irritants such as cigarette smoke and dust also can trigger bronchitis, viruses are by far the most common culprits when children get the illness.
Although fever associated with bronchitis may last just a few days, the cough may linger for two to three weeks. Often the cough will become wetter and more productive near the end of the illness. Some people -- almost always adults who smoke or children who live with smokers -- suffer symptoms for months at a time. This is called chronic bronchitis, and it's another excellent reason to keep cigarettes out of your house.

How is bronchitis treated?
The key to beating bronchitis is opening up your child's clogged airways. Her doctor may prescribe cough medicine containing an expectorant or recommend an over-the-counter brand to help clear out the mucus. As much as you hate to hear your child hacking away, don't give her a cough suppressant -- coughing up mucus is a vital part of healing. If your child's doctor thinks that asthma or reactive airway disease is involved in the cough, he or she may also prescribe a bronchodilator (a medication to widen the air passages) or a corticosteroid (a medication to ease inflammation).
Remember, childhood bronchitis is almost always caused by a virus. That means antibiotics -- which kill only bacteria -- aren't likely to work against your child's illness. If, however, your child has chronic bronchitis and there's a sudden change in the color or amount of mucus, she probably does have a bacterial infection that could be cleared up with antibiotics.

When should I call a doctor?
Call a doctor immediately if your child is working hard to breathe or is breathing fast (especially if her temperature is normal) or is wheezing as well as coughing. Make an appointment if her cough lasts for more than two or three weeks.
Call paramedics or head for the emergency room if your child is turning blue in the face, struggling to breathe, or coughing up blood.

What can I do to help?
You can relieve your child's congestion by making sure she drinks eight to 10 glasses of liquids each day. If your house has dry air, a humidifier may speed her recovery. Cold weather, dust, and smoke can irritate her airways, so let her rest in a clean, warm, smoke-free room. You can give her acetaminophen or ibuprofen to ease her fever and pain. (A child under the age of 16 who has a viral infection should never take aspirin because of the risk of Reye's syndrome, a potentially life-threatening infection.)
To help prevent bronchitis, treat your child's colds and other illnesses promptly. You may even want her to get a flu shot before the season strikes. Although shots are routinely recommended only for the elderly and others vulnerable to dangerous complications of influenza, a recent study at the University of Virginia showed that vaccinating all school-age children against the flu would cut back significantly on parents' missing work.Chris Woolston, M.S.,

child's vision (eyes)

2006-04-20T13:21:00.000-07:00

check the vision
kids don't have to be able to talk to have eye examinations. Most pediatric eye doctors (ophthalmologists and optometrists) use devices such as hand puppets to evaluate vision in young children. An ophthalmologist is a medical doctor who specializes in examining, diagnosing, and treating eyes and eye diseases, whereas an optometrist has been trained to diagnose and treat many of the same eye conditions as ophthalmologists, except for treatments involving surgery.
So when does your child need to have the first eye examination? The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends the following:

+ Newborns should be checked for general eye health by a pediatrician or family physician in the hospital nursery.
+ High-risk newborns (including premature infants) , those with a family history of eye problems, and those with obvious eye irregularities should be examined by an eye doctor
+ In the first year of life, all infants should be routinely screened for eye health during well-baby visits with their doctors
+ Around the age of 3 1/2, children should undergo eye health screenings and visual acuity tests (or tests that measure sharpness of vision) with their doctors.
+ Around the age of 5, children should have their vision and eye alignment evaluated by their doctors. Children who fail either test should be examined by an eye doctor.
+ After age 5, further screening exams should be conducted at routine checks at school or at your child's doctor's office or after the appearance of symptoms such as squinting or frequent headaches. (Many times, a teacher will realize the child isn't seeing well in class.)

However, children who wear prescription glasses or contacts probably need annual checkups to screen for vision changes.

Signs that a young child may have vision problems include:

+ constant eye rubbing
+ extreme light sensitivity
+ poor focusing
+ poor visual tracking (following an object)
+ abnormal alignment or movement of the eyes (after 6 months of age)
+ chronic redness of the eyes
+ chronic tearing of the eyes
+ a white pupil instead of black

In school-age children, watch for other signs such as: inability to see objects at a distance, inability to read the blackboard , squinting, difficulty reading, sitting too close to the TV.

It's also a good idea to watch your child for evidence of poor vision or crossed eyes. If you detect any evidence of eye conditions, your child should be examined immediately so that the problem doesn't become permanent. If caught early, eye conditions can often be reversed. kids eyes healthy and care, baby kid child healty problem.

tips for treating flu

2006-03-21T12:55:00.000-08:00

Unlike some other infections, the flu doesn't usually require medical treatment. Your child's doctor may prescribe an antiviral medicine (if symptoms are reported within 48 hours of the onset of illness), but these medicines usually only shorten the course of the infection by just 1 or 2 days.
So how can you help your child feel better in the meantime?

+ Offer your child plenty of fluids (fever, which can be associated with the flu, can lead to dehydration). If your child is tired of drinking plain water, try ice pops, icy drinks mixed in a blender, and soft fruits (like melons or grapes) to keep him or her hydrated
+ Encourage your child to rest in bed, with a supply of magazines, books, quiet music, and perhaps a favorite movie.
+ Give acetaminophen or ibuprofen for your child's aches and pains (do not give aspirin unless your child's doctor directs you to do so).
+ Dress your child in layers. When your child feels warm, you can peel a layer or two, and when he or she feels chilly, layers can be easily added.
+ Have your child call a close relative or far-away friend to help lift your child's spirits
+ Help your child by taking care of yourself and the other people in your family! If you haven't done so, ask your doctor whether you (and other family members) should get a flu shot. Also, wash your hands thoroughly and often, especially after picking up used tissues.

If your child's doctor recommends a prescription medicine to ease your child's symptoms, be sure to call before you go to your local pharmacy. Because the flu can strongly affect many areas of the United States, many pharmacies may have difficulty keeping certain medicines in stock. Reviewed by: Barbara P. Homeier, MD2004

How Do I Know if My Child Has a Fever?

2006-03-16T11:58:00.000-08:00

A gentle kiss on the forehead or a hand placed lightly on your child's skin is often enough to tell that your child has a fever. However, this method of taking a temperature (called tactile temperature) is dependent on the person doing the feeling and doesn't give an accurate measure of a child's temperature.
By using a reliable thermometer, you can tell if your child has a fever if his or her temperature is at or higher than one of the following levels:

* 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) measured rectally (in the bottom)

* 99.5 degrees Fahrenheit (37.5 degrees Celsius) measured orally (in the mouth)

* 99 degrees Fahrenheit (37.2 degrees Celsius) measured in an axillary position (under the arm)

But how high a fever is doesn't tell you much about how sick your child is. A simple cold or other viral infection can sometimes cause a rather high fever (in the 102 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit, or 38.9 to 40 degrees Celsius, range), but doesn't usually indicate a serious problem. And serious infections may cause no fever or even an abnormally low body temperature, especially in young infants.
Because fevers may rise and fall, a child with fever may experience chills, which occur when the body tries to generate additional heat when the body's temperature begins to rise. The child may sweat as the body releases extra heat when the temperature starts to drop.
Sometimes children with a fever may also breathe faster than usual and may have a higher heart rate. You should call your child's doctor if your child is having difficulty breathing, is breathing a lot faster than normal, or continues to breathe fast after the fever comes down.

kids become overweight

2006-03-08T12:58:00.000-08:00

Why children become overweight

A diet high in energy and fat combined with little physical activity or exercise will lead to someone becoming overweight.

Your family's eating habits and activity patterns will affect body weight. You also inherit body type and shape from your parents.

Possible problems for overweight childrenOverweight children can have difficulties in several ways.

Most often they may feel different from other children, which can affect their confidence. They can also be subjected to bullying from other children. This may make parents feel worried about children taking part in everyday activity such as school sports.

Unfortunately, this can make weight control more difficult. Although health problems are less common in childhood, children who continue to be overweight into adulthood can develop:

High blood fats with the risk of heart disease
Type 2 diabetes
High blood pressure
Stroke
Joint problems
Breathing problems
Some forms of cancer.

Overweight caused by medical conditions is rare, but always check with your doctor if you are concerned.

How to make healthy food choices A healthy diet is not only what your child eats, but how much. All children should eat regularly, including healthy snacks. Good nutrition starts early in life. Wherever possible try to:
+ Breastfeed and introduce solids at around six months.
+ Encourage a wide variety of nutritious foods. No particular food should be forced or overly restricted.
+ Consider using reduced fat dairy products after two years of age.
+ Offer mostly cereals, grains and breads, vegetables and fruits, with moderate amounts of meat products and dairy foods.
+ Limit added fats such as oil, margarine and butter.
+ Offer fresh vegetables and fruit instead of processed snack foods.
+ Include treats such as cakes, chips or takeaway foods occasionally (once or twice per week). Enjoy them as a family.
+ Offer children water when they are thirsty. Sweet drinks including juices, cordial and fizzy drinks are not necessary and can contribute to tooth decay.

Things to remember
Involve the whole family in healthy eating and activity.
Encourage active play and sport.
Limit sedentary activities such as TV, screen games and computers to no more than two hours a day.

Types of Coughs and whats Typically Mean

2006-03-07T10:30:00.000-08:00

Here's some guidance on different types of coughs and the kinds of conditions they're typically associated with. If you're concerned that your child's cough is an indication of a larger illness, or have any questions about your child's symptoms, call your child's doctor.
"Barky"

CoughBarky coughs are usually caused by an inflammation or swelling in the upper part of the airway. Most often barky coughs are caused by croup, an inflammation of the larynx (voice box) and trachea (windpipe).
Croup can be brought on by allergies, change in temperature at night or, most commonly, a viral upper respiratory infection. When a young child's airway becomes inflamed, it may swell near, or just below, the vocal cords, making it harder to breathe. Children younger than 3 years of age tend to get croup because their windpipes are narrow. Croup can come on suddenly, and in the middle of the night, when your child is at rest. Often it's accompanied by stridor, a noisy, harsh breathing (some doctors describe it as a coarse, musical sound) that occurs when a child inhales (breathes in).
"Whooping"

CoughWhooping cough is another name used to refer to the illness pertussis, an infection of the respiratory tract that's caused by a type of bacteria called bordetella pertussis. The illness is marked by severe coughing spells that end in a "whooping" sound when a child breathes in. Other symptoms of pertussis include a runny nose, sneezing, mild cough, and a low-grade fever.
Although pertussis can occur at any age, it's most severe in infants under 1 year old who aren't immunized. The pertussis vaccine, which is part of the DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis) immunization, is routinely given in five doses before a child's sixth birthday. It's important to follow the immunization schedule that your child's doctor provides. Pertussis is highly contagious. The bacteria can spread from person to person through tiny drops of fluid in the air from an infected person's nose or mouth, which get propelled by sneezes, coughs, or laughs. Other people can become infected by inhaling the drops or getting the drops on their hands and then touching their mouths or noses.

Cough With Wheezing

When coughing is accompanied by a wheezing sound as your child exhales, it may be a sign that your child's lower airway is inflamed. There is also the possibility, particularly in a younger child, that the lower airway is being blocked by a foreign object or mucus from a respiratory infection.

Nighttime Cough

Lots of coughs get worse at night because the congestion in a child's nose and sinuses drains down the throat and causes irritation while the child lies in bed. This is only a problem if your child is unable to sleep. Asthma can also trigger nighttime coughs because the airways tend to be more sensitive and become more irritable at night.
Daytime Cough

Allergies, asthma, colds, and other respiratory infections are the usual culprits of daytime coughs. Cold air or activity can make these coughs worse, and they often subside at night or when the child is resting. It's a good idea to make sure that nothing in your house - like air freshener, pets, or smoke (especially tobacco smoke) - is making your child cough.
Cough With a Fever

If your child has a cough, mild fever, and runny nose, chances are that he or she has a common cold. But coughs with a fever of 102 degrees Fahrenheit (39 degrees Celsius) or higher can mean pneumonia, particularly if your child is listless and breathing fast. In this case, call your child's doctor immediately.
Cough With Vomiting

Children often cough so much that it triggers their gag reflex, making them throw up. Usually, this is not cause for alarm unless the vomiting persists. Also, if your child has a cough with a cold or an asthma flare-up, he or she may throw up if lots of mucus drains into the stomach and causes nausea.
Persistent CoughCoughs caused by colds can last weeks, especially if your child has one cold right after another. Asthma, allergies, or a chronic infection in the sinuses or breathing passages might also be responsible for these persistent coughs. If the cough lasts for 3 weeks, notify your child's doctor.

Avian influenza & food safety

2006-03-01T08:15:00.000-08:00

Avian influenza and food safety:
statement by Dr LEE Jong-Wook, WHO Director-General .
Since the beginning of February 2006, the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus has spread to affect wild or domestic birds in 17 new countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.
The World Health Organization reconfirms that, when poultry products are safely handled and properly cooked, humans are not at risk of acquiring H5N1 infection through food.
Although the H5N1 virus is highly infectious among poultry, it is not easily transmissible to humans. Since December 2003, this virus is known to have infected 173 people, of whom 93 have died. Not one of these cases has been linked to the consumption of properly cooked poultry or poultry products.
The main health risk currently is to people who are in close contact with infected poultry, such as families with backyard flocks and poultry workers in wet markets or live animal markets.
Heightened surveillance among domestic and wild birds, rapid detection of the virus, and swift implementation of control measures are important in supporting and maintaining consumer confidence in the safety of poultry products.
Globally, the evidence demonstrates that there is no risk of infection when birds and eggs are well-cooked, as this kills the virus. Poultry products are important sources of protein throughout the world.WHO

Nightmares and children

2006-02-25T18:04:00.000-08:00

Most children experience nightmares from time to time. Frightening dreams can start when the child is about two years old, and reach a peak between the ages of three and six years. Nightmares usually occur later in the sleep cycle, from 4am to 6am, but the frequency differs from one child to the next. Your child may have only a few scary dreams a year, or be troubled by nightmares much more often. About one quarter of children have at least one nightmare every week. A common theme is being chased by a frightening person or animal. The cause of nightmares isn't known, but it is thought to be the ordinary stresses and strains of growing up. Children who have experienced a traumatic event, for example, tend to have frequent nightmares for the next six months or so. A range of possible causes Some of the possible causes of nightmares include:
+The ordinary stresses and strains of growing up
+A traumatic event, such as an accident or surgery
+Fever
+An active imagination.

Coping with your child's nightmare, Suggestions include:
+Go to your child as soon as you can. If your child's bedroom is far from yours and you can't be +sure to hear them when they call or cry, consider installing a baby monitor.
+Cuddle and reassure your child. Talk calmly and gently.
+Appreciate that your child's feelings are genuine.
+Be prepared to stay with them until they have calmed down. If your child is particularly frightened, you may need to soothe them with a favourite (but relaxing) activity, such as reading a book together.
+Your child may want to talk to you about their nightmare. Encourage them to come up with alternate endings for the nightmare that are happy or funny.

Don't make things worseYou may, without meaning to, make the situation worse. Do not:
+Ignore the child - if you refuse to go to them, your child will only get more upset and frantic.
+Get angry - you may think your child is 'putting it on' for attention, or else you don't appreciate a broken sleep. Either way, expressing anger or tension will only upset your child even more.
+Allow them to sleep with you - when you're tired and wishing for an easy solution, it's tempting to take the child back to bed with you, but this tactic suggests to the child that sleeping in their own bed is what causes the nightmare. Eventually, they may insist on sleeping with you all the time.

+good dream honey+

avian flu go to worldwide

2006-02-17T11:14:00.000-08:00

Avian Flu or bird flu cases more worlwide right now, not only in asia : Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Iraq,Thailand Turkey & Viet Nam.
Avian flu found in : German , Thirty five dead birds found in Denmark , Dutch test two dead swans for H5N1 avian flu, Avian influenza confirmed in swans in Hungary , Egyptians confirm presence of H5N1 avian flu , Avian flu hits birds in Iran, spreads in Europe (Bulgaria, Greece , Slovenia).

plan to preparing to figth
Ohio forms plan to fight avian flu
Florida to start planning for an avian flu

Anaemia

2006-02-09T13:00:00.000-08:00

Anaemia is the world’s second leading cause of disability and thus one of the most serious global public health problems. Anaemia affects over half of pre-school children and pregnant women in developing countries and at least 30-40% in industrialized countries. In poorer malaria endemic countries anaemia is one of the commonest preventable causes of death in children under 5 years and in pregnant women.
Anaemia because iron deficiency, is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency in the world. Several infections related to hygiene, sanitation, safe water and water management are significant contributors to anaemia in addition to iron deficiency. These include malaria, schistosomiasis and hookworm.
The disease and how it affects people

Anaemia is a condition that occurs when the red blood cells do not carry enough oxygen to the tissues of the body. Anaemia affects all population groups. However the most susceptible groups are pregnant women and young children. In the milder form, anaemia is “silent”, without symptoms. In the more severe form, anaemia is associated with fatigue, weakness, dizziness and drowsiness. The signs include loss of normal colour in the skin (in fair skinned people) and also in the lips, tongue nail beds and the blood vessels in the white of the eye. Without treatment, anaemia can worsen and become an underlying cause of chronic ill health, such as impaired fetal development during pregnancy, delayed cognitive development and increased risk of infection in young children, and reduced physical capacity in all people. Low birth weight infants, young children and women of childbearing age are particularly at risk of anaemia. Women of childbearing age need to absorb 2-3 times the amount of iron required by men or older women.
The cause

The main causes of anaemia are nutritional and infectious. They usually coexist in the same individual and make anaemia worst.
Among the nutrition factors contributing to anaemia, the most common one is iron deficiency. It is due to a diet that is monotonous, but rich in substances (phytates) inhibiting iron absorption so that dietary iron cannot be utilised by the body. Iron deficiency may also be aggravated by poor nutritional status, especially when it is associated with deficiencies in folic acid, vitamin A or B12. & With regard to infections, malaria is another major cause of anaemia : strategies towards anaemia prevention are beyond the scope of this Fact Sheet. Because anaemia is the result of multiple factors, the identification of these factors and of the causes and type of anaemia is important. Important actions include addressing underlying causes correcting iron deficiency, treatment of underlying disease processes (in particular nutritional deficiencies - Folic acid, Vitamin A and B12).
In children, promoting breastfeeding and proper complementary foods are important in controlling anaemia.
Improving hygiene, sanitation and water supply; and improving water resource management to contribute to control of schistosomiasis and malaria where they occur are important contributory measures in prevention of anaemia.
Reference
WHO. Turning the tide of malnutrition: responding to the challenge of the 21st century. Geneva: WHO, 2000 (WHO/NHD.007)

iron for your child

2006-02-02T12:14:00.000-08:00

How Much Iron Does My Child Need?

Kids require different amounts of iron at various ages and stages. Here's how much they should be getting as they grow:

+ Infants who are breastfed tend to get enough iron from their mothers until 4 to 6 months of age, when iron-fortified cereal is usually introduced (although breastfeeding mothers should continue to take prenatal vitamins). Infants who are formula-fed should get iron-fortified formula
+ Infants ages 6 to 12 months need 11 milligrams of iron a day. Babies younger than 1 year should be given iron-fortified cereal in addition to breast milk or an infant formula supplemented with iron.
+ Kids ages 1 to 12 years need 7 to 10 milligrams of iron each day.
+ Adolescent boys should be getting 11 milligrams of iron a day and adolescent girls should be getting 15 milligrams. (Adolescence is a time of rapid growth and teen girls need additional iron to replace what they lose from their bodies monthly when they begin menstruating.)
+Young athletes who regularly engage in intense exercise tend to lose more iron and may require extra iron in their diets

Iron deficiency can affect a child's growth and may lead to learning and behavioral problems. And it can progress to iron-deficiency anemia , a condition in which there's a decrease in the number of red blood cells in the body.
Many people with iron-deficiency anemia don't have any signs and symptoms because the body's iron supply is depleted slowly. But as the anemia progresses, some of the following symptoms may appear:

+ fatigue and weakness
+ pale skin and mucous membranes
+ rapid heartbeat or a new heart murmur (detected in an exam by your child's doctor)
+ irritability
+ decreased appetite
+ dizziness or a feeling of being lightheaded

If your child has any of these symptoms, talk to your child's doctor; he or she may do a simple blood test to find out if your child has iron-deficiency anemia and may prescribe iron supplements. However, because excessive iron intake can also cause health problems, you should never give your child iron supplements without first consulting your child's doctor.

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cold or flu

2006-01-27T08:03:00.000-08:00

Your child is sent home from school with a sore throat, cough, and high fever - could it be the flu that's been going around? Or is it just a common cold?
Before you can figure out how to help your child feel better, you need to know what it is that's making him or her sick. Typically, the flu (also known as influenza) has symptoms that make a child feel worse than symptoms associated with a common cold, but it's not always that easy to tell the difference between the two.

Flu vs. Colds: A Guide to Symptoms

Symptoms ChecklistTo help determine whether your child's fighting the flu or combating a cold, answer these questions about your child's symptoms.

Questions to ask concerning : Flu? Cold?

Was your child's onset of illness . . .Flu> sudden, Cold> slow.
Does your child have a . . .Flu>high fever, Cold> no (or mild) fever.
Is your child's exhaustion level . . .Flu severe, Cold> mild.
your child's throat . . .Flu>sore, Cold>fine.
Is your child's cough . . .Flu>dry, Cold> severe or hacking.
Is your child's head . . .Flu>achy, Cold> headache-free.
Is your child's appetite . . .Flu>decreased, Cold> normal.
Are your child's muscles . . . Flu>achy, Cold> fine.
Does your child have . . . Flu.>chills, Cold> no chills.

If most of your answers fell into the first category, chances are that your child has the flu. If your answers usually belonged in the second category, it's most likely a cold. But don't be too quick to brush off your child's illness as just another cold. The important thing to remember is that flu symptoms can vary from child to child (and they can change as the illness progresses), so if you suspect the flu, call your child's doctor

What I need to know about Diarrhea

2006-01-19T09:55:00.000-08:00

What is diarrhea?

Diarrhea means that you have a change in your bowel movements and pass unusually loose stools. Stool is what is left after your digestive system (stomach, small intestine, and colon) absorbs nutrients and fluids from what you eat and drink. Stool passes out of the body through the rectum. If fluids are not absorbed, or if your digestive system produces extra fluids, stools will be loose and watery. Loose stools are larger than usual. People with diarrhea often have frequent bowel movements and may pass more than a quart of watery stool a day.
What other symptoms accompany diarrhea?

People who have diarrhea may also havecrampy pain in the abdomen, the area between the chest and the hips, swelling in the abdomen, an uncomfortable feeling around the anus, an urgent need to have a bowel movement an inability to control their bowels (fecal incontinence) , chills, fever, Also, people with diarrhea may feel sick to their stomach or be dehydrated.
What is dehydration?

Dehydration means that your body does not have enough fluid to work properly. Every time you breathe out, sweat, urinate, or have a bowel movement, you lose fluid. Diarrhea increases the amount of fluid lost in bowel movements. Along with the fluid, you lose salts-chemicals that your body needs to work properly.

The loss of fluids and salts can be serious, especially for babies and young children and for older people.
The signs of dehydration in adults are
being thirsty, urinating less often than usual, having dark-colored urine, having dry skin feeling tired or dizzy fainting In addition, the kidneys could stop working.
The signs of dehydration in babies

and young children arehaving a dry mouth and tongue, crying without tears, having no wet diapers for 3 hours or more, having a high fever being unusually sleepy or drowsy. Also, when children have diarrhea, their skin seems to lose its elasticity. It does not flatten back to normal when pinched and released.
Who gets diarrhea?

Anyone can get diarrhea. This common problem can last a day or two or for months or years, depending on the cause. Most people get better on their own, but diarrhea can be serious for babies and older people if lost fluids are not replaced.

Many people throughout the world die from diarrhea because of the large volume of water lost and the accompanying loss of salts.
What causes diarrhea?

Diarrhea can be caused bybacteria, viruses, or parasites (tiny organisms that live inside a larger organism) medicines such as antibiotics foods such as milk, diseases that affect the stomach, small intestine, or colon, such as Crohn's disease and irritable bowel syndrome

Sometimes no cause for diarrhea can be found.
When should I talk to a doctor?

Diarrhea often goes away by itself, but it can be a sign of a more serious problem. You should talk to your doctor if your diarrhea lasts for more than 3 days. You should also call your doctor if you have.
signs of dehydration, a severe pain in your abdomen or rectum, a fever of 102°F or higher, stools that are bloody or black and tarry .

Children youn ger than 12 become dehydrated much more easily than adults. If your child does not improve after 24 hours or has any of the following symptoms along with diarrhea, call the doctor. (This is especially important if your child is 6 months old or younger.) stools containing blood or pus black stools a fever above 101.4°F signs of dehydration
What tests might be done?

Your doctor may want to perform tests to find the cause of the diarrhea:
a physical exam stool or blood tests to look for bacteria, parasites, or other signs of disease or infection fasting tests to see whether diarrhea goes away when you stop eating a particular food a sigmoidoscopy, an examination of the inside of the rectum and part of the colon a colonoscopy, an examination of the inside of the whole colon.

For a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy, the doctor uses a thin, flexible, lighted tube with a lens on the end.
How is diarrhea treated?

In many cases of diarrhea, replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed.
Adults should consume broth, soup, fruit juices, soft fruits, or vegetables.

Children should drink a special liquid that has all the nutrients they need. These solutions are sold without a prescription in grocery stores or drugstores. Pedialyte, Ceralyte, or Infalyte are some examples. Taking medicine to stop diarrhea can be helpful in some cases. Medicines that are available without a doctor's prescription include loperamide (Imodium) and bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto Bismol and Kaopectate).

Stop taking these medicines if symptoms get worse or if diarrhea lasts more than 2 days.
If a particular food or medicine is the cause, you should avoid it.

Also, while you are waiting for the diarrhea to end, you should avoid foods that can make it worse:
Milk and milk products, such as ice cream or cheese high-fat or greasy foods, such as fried foods foods that have a lot of fiber, such as citrus fruits very sweet foods, such as cakes and cookies.

As you feel better, begin eating soft, bland food, such as bananas, plain rice, boiled potatoes, toast, crackers, cooked carrots, and baked chicken without the skin or fat. Children can eat bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast (sometimes called the BRAT diet).

Traveler's Diarrhea

People who are visiting other countries and eat food or drink water contaminated by bacteria, viruses, or parasites can develop traveler's diarrhea.You can prevent it by being careful:

Avoid drinking tap water or using ice cubes made from tap water.

Avoid drinking unpasteurized milk or eating dairy products made from it.

Avoid eating raw fruits and vegetables unless they can be peeled and you peel them yourself.

Do not eat raw or rare meat or fish.

Do not eat meat or shellfish that is not hot when served to you.

Do not eat food sold by street vendors.

You can safely drink bottled water, carbonated soft drinks, and hot drinks like coffee or tea.
Points to Remember

Diarrhea is a common problem.

Diarrhea is caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, some foods or medicines, or diseases that affect the digestive system.

Diarrhea is dangerous if you become dehydrated.

Replacing lost fluids is the main treatment for diarrhea. Talk to a doctor if you have strong pain in the abdomen or rectum, a fever, blood in your stool, signs of dehydration, or severe diarrhea for more than 3 days (1 day in the case of children).

Acknowledgments
The National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC) would like to thank the following individuals for assisting with scientific and editorial review of this publication.
Mark Donowitz, M.D.Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
John S. Fordtran, M.D.Baylor University Medical College
Thanks also to Joe Surratt at the Digestive Center of Excellence, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, for facilitating field-testing of this publication.

$$$ For Bird FLU

2006-01-17T01:50:00.000-08:00

$1B bid for bird flu funds

Tuesday, January 17, 2006 Posted: 0753 GMT (1553 HKT)
BEIJING, China (CNN) -- A donors' conference in Beijing is expected to raise more than a billion dollars as nations around the world step up the battle for a possible bird flu pandemic.
The World Bank is co-hosting the conference along with China and the European Union, with 80 nations and 20 organizations set to attend to raise money to counter a threat growing by the day.
"In this challenge we have no choice. We're being put to the test like never before," said David Nabarro, U.N Co-ordinator for avian flu.
The EU said it had pledged $100 million towards fighting the spread of avian flu.
The World Bank says nearly half the money would be spent in Southeast Asia, where the virus is already well entrenched.
Since the bird flu emerged in Asia in 2003, more than 70 people have died and millions of chickens and birds have either been killed or culled.
People have caught bird flu in China, Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam, of which roughly half have died.
Just this year, migratory birds spread the disease to Turkey, where four people have died, the first known deaths from the virus outside of Asia.
Another 20 people in Turkey have caught the virus, with health officials saying they apparently all touched or played with birds.
A 12-year-old girl who died Sunday was the latest casualty of the lethal H5N1 strain of bird flu, health officials said.
Fatma Ozcan died of bird flu-like symptoms in the eastern city of Van, said Dr. Huseyin Avni Sahin, chief physician at the Van University Hospital.
Her 5-year-old brother, Muhammad Ozcan, also tested positive. Both siblings had contact with sick birds, The Associated Press quoted officials as saying.
Also Monday, the government's bird flu crisis center said the country has slaughtered 764,000 fowl nationwide in its effort to contain the outbreak, AP reported.
Human cases have been reported in nine of Turkey's 81 provinces. Officials have confirmed poultry outbreaks in 11 provinces and are investigating possible outbreaks in another 14 provinces.
The U.S. State Department said America has sent a team of influenza experts to Turkey to assess how to help its ally battle avian flu.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control has already sent two experts to Turkey to work with the WHO at its request.
Avian flu has spread rapidly across Asia and into eastern Europe. World health officials fear the disease may spread through migratory birds flocking to the region or from the transport of domestic birds.
Experts say the deadly H5N1 virus poses the biggest threat in the colder months in affected regions, and could also spread in east Asia as people celebrate the Lunar New Year.
Then, hundreds of millions of Chinese will be on the move, potentially spreading bird flu in a country where the disease has spread rapidly among birds since late last year, and five people have died.
"The Chinese government has learned from the SARS experience, they know the movement of people particularly with infected birds is going to be a big challenge for them," said Margaret Chan, assistant director general of the WHO.
"They would be well advised to enhance their measures."
In Indonesia, a 13-year-old girl also appears to have died from the virus, while two of her siblings tested positive.
It test results are confirmed, she would be that country's 13th bird flu fatality.
CNN's Stan Grant contributed to this report.

see cnn news for detail's

anti brontok anti decoil anti viruses

2006-01-06T22:14:00.000-08:00

here is link anti virus for pc but not for baby:) anti brontok or rontokbro anti decoil, etc. ; Here is :

anti virus brontok , download brontok removal , anti decoil (worm virus type) , anti for Virus for Smartphone-handphones & PDA's , anti virus trojan horse, anti worm , anti spy ware , anti sober
flu baby care's healthy tips baby

Low birthweight

2006-01-05T16:52:00.000-08:00

we don't hope we are baby birth with low weight, is dangerous!!

Low birthweight.
A baby’s low weight at birth is either the result ofpreterm birth (before 37 weeks of gestation) or of restricted foetal (intrauterine) growth.5 Low birthweight is closely associated with foetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, inhibited growth andcognitive development, and chronic diseases later in life. Many factors affect the duration of gestation and of foetal growth, and thus, the birthweight. They relate to the infant, the mother or the physical environmentand play an important role in determining the infant’s birthweight and future health.

• For the same gestational age, girls weigh less
than boys, firstborn infants are lighter than
subsequent infants, and twins weigh less than
singletons;
• Birthweight is affected to a great extent by the
mother’s own foetal growth and her diet from
birth to pregnancy, and thus, her body
composition at conception;
• Women of short stature, women living at high
altitudes, and young women have smaller babies;

• Once pregnant, the mother’s nutrition and diet,
lifestyle (e.g., alcohol, tobacco or drug abuse)
and other exposures (e.g., malaria, HIV or
syphilis), or complications such as hypertension
can affect foetal growth and development, as
well as the duration of pregnancy;
• Mothers in deprived socio-economic conditions
frequently have low birthweight infants. In those
settings, the infant’s low birthweight stems
primarily from the mother’s poor nutrition and
health over a long period of time, including
during pregnancy, the high prevalence of specific
and non-specific infections, or from pregnancy
complications underpinned by poverty. Physically
demanding work during pregnancy also contributes
to poor foetal growth.
Low birthweight thus defines a heterogeneousgroup of infants: some are born early, some are born growth restricted, and others are born bothearly and growth restricted. It is generally recognized that being born with low birthweight is a disadvantage for the baby. see more information on http://www.who.int

Flu Vaccine

2006-01-05T16:12:00.000-08:00

I got the article maybe this is help us
Don't Count On A Bird Flu Vaccine, Count On A Nanomask
Author: John Hart
You've no doubt seen the news reports about Bird Flu, a deadly airborne virus. And you no doubt feel at risk and vulnerable.A Bird Flu vaccine is months and months away from production, and production will be a problem since health officials believe it will take at least 1 year to make enough for all citizens.

Even then, it may not be effective, since it was based on an earlier seed of the virus. Bird Flu, or H5N1, mutates rapidly. Today, Bird Flu is something entirely different than when it was first discovered.But there is one, off-the-shelf, device that will protect you and your family against Bird Flu, SARS, and ordinary flu, right now. It's called NanoMask®, manufactured by a company that originally was tasked to make a better biomask for our military troops.Why is a filter mask the best tool you can have against Bird Flu? Because of its new nano-technology.

A NanoMask® isn't just an ordinary N95 mask like you see in hospitals or on construction sites.N95 masks are not effective against any particulate, virus, or bacteria smaller than .3 microns, and thus a waste of money if you buy an N95 mask for the purpose of blocking H5N1 or any influenza virus. Even hospitals realize this and are now ordering NanoMasks®.Examine the table below showing virus sizes, so you can judge for yourself how effective the NanoMask is. The abbreviation nm means nanometer, which is one billionth of a meter. N95 can only filter out material greater in size than .3 microns, which equal to 300 nanometers.

Every virus you see in the table below is smaller than 300 nanometers, therefore, N95's are useless against these viruses.Virus (Description) SizeBacteriophage (MS) 220nmHepatitis 24nm - 30nmAdenovirus 70nm HIV(AIDS) 80nmCytomegalovirus 100nmOrthomyxovirus 120nmCoronavirus (SARS) 80nm - 160nmAccording to Nelson Laboratories of Salt Lake City, an independent testing lab of such filters, Bacteriophage MS-2 is the recognized standard testing organism for many filters. Being one of the smallest used viruses at 20nm, it is able to give a higher challenge to the filter media.NanoMask® has been tested down to 27 nanometers or .027 microns. Good enough to stop H5N1, SARS, and other viruses listed in the Virus Size Table above, as well as ordinary influenza.The unique design and enhanced facial seal allows the NanoMask® to overcome the most critical failing of typical N95 masks: an inability to effectively seal against the face and filter inhaled and exhaled breath that will typically follow the path of least resistance - around the sides of the mask.

The president of Emergency Filtration, Doug Beplate, told this author that the primary reason NanoMasks are so successful in stopping viruses is their unique nanoparticle coating on each filter. Beplate said, "The nanoparticle coating joins with chlorine particles to achieve an arrest and eradication of undesirable agents." In other words, biohazardous particulates like H5N1 are not only blocked, but destroyed, thanks to the nanoparticle coating.A traditional filter without the nanoparticle coating, like N95, would turn into a breeding ground for a virus or bacterial agent. Thus we caution you against using any N95 mask in a pandemic or epidemic, or even to stop ordinary colds.We cannot stress enough the importance of ordering NanoMask® right now, before H5N1 or any other pandemic strikes.

It's saving lives in Asia right now. More than 2 million Asians are wearing NanoMasks®.Of all the methods available to protect your family, such as antivirals, vaccines, herbs, etc., a NanoMask® is the least costly in terms of time and money, and probably the most effective. Don't get caught off guard by a U.S. transportation strike or postal strike, or a thin supply. And don't count on a vaccine, or Tamiflu. Count on NanoMask®, it's available right now.

Protect You And Your Family From The Bird Flu Virus!

2005-11-13T08:36:00.000-08:00

bird flu can attack your family maybe this article help u
How To Protect You And Your Family From The Bird Flu Virus!
Author: Arthur Craig Miller

Bird flu is an infection caused by avian (bird) influenza (flu) viruses. These flu viruses occur among birds naturally. Wild birds all over the world carry the viruses in their intestines, but usually do not get sick from them. However, bird flu is extremely contagious among birds and can make some domesticated birds, including ducks, turkeys, and chickens, very sick and kill them. Bird flu viruses do not usually infect humans, but several cases of human infection with bird flu viruses have occurred since 1997.

The World health Organization (WHO) issued a prophetic warning in December 2004. It claimed that if bird flu triggered the next pandemic, the virus would likely originate in Asia. This seems to becoming a harsh reality. As of September 2005, a total of 63 people have died in Southeast Asia. 11 countries have now fallen victim, as more and more people are infected and hospitalised. "No government, no head of state can be taken unawares," said WHO director general Lee Jong-Wook. "It is very important for all of us to be prepared..." He advised countries should prepare for a pandemic by stockpiling antiviral drugs and positioning them in high-risk areas; intensifying efforts in vaccine development; and planning for massive economic and social disruptions. Remember governments and wealthy commercial companies are rapidly buying supplies and stockpiling known antiviral drugs.

It is prudent to start protecting your family now by ordering drugs such as Tamiflu®, as pharmaceutical companies are warning that stocks are quickly being depleted. Studies of Oseltamivir (sold commercially as Tamiflu®, and manufactured by Roche Laboratories Inc.), show promise against H5N1 Influenza Virus - bird flu virus. The drug dramatically boosted the survival rate of infected mice. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), funded this mice research in mid - 2005 and the results are published online in the Journal of Infectious Diseases. British researchers reported finding H5N1 flu virus in the spinal fluid of a young boy who died of influenza in Vietnam earlier in the year 2005, an indication that H5N1 is able to infect the human brain. Symptoms of bird flu in humans have ranged from typical flu-like symptoms (fever, cough, sore throat and muscle aches) to eye infections, pneumonia, severe respiratory diseases (such as acute respiratory distress), and other severe and life-threatening complications.

The symptoms of bird flu may depend on which virus caused the infection. Infected birds shed flu virus in their saliva, nasal secretions, and faeces. Susceptible birds become infected when they have contact with contaminated excretions or surfaces that are contaminated with excretions. It is believed that most cases of bird flu infection in humans have resulted from contact with infected poultry or contaminated surfaces. The H5N1 virus currently infecting birds in Asia that has caused human illness and death is resistant to amantadine and rimantadine, two antiviral medications commonly used for influenza.

Two other antiviral medications, Oseltamavir (Tamiflu®) and Zanamavir, are proving successful in the battle to treat flu caused by the H5N1 virus. Studies and research continue. "In 1999, The US Food and Drug Administration approved these two new drugs that are effective for the treatment of both influenza A and influenza B. These drugs, called neuraminidase inhibitors, block the normal function of the viral neuraminidase." (Source: NFID) Tamiflu® (Roche Laboratories Inc.) and Relenza® (Glaxo Wellcome) are both drugs classified as neuraminidase inhibitors and do help protect you and your family.

The antiviral medication Tamiflu® was prescribed more often than any other during last year's (2004) flu season. It is indicated for the treatment of influenza in patients 1 year and older who have had symptoms for no more than 2 days. It attacks the influenza virus and stops it from spreading inside your body. Tamiflu® treats flu at its source by attacking the virus that causes the flu, rather than simply masking symptoms. This antiviral is also indicated for the prevention of influenza in adults and adolescents 13 years and older. Make contact with your doctor and ask if Tamiflu® is right for you for the treatment or prevention of flu. These drugs can be ordered online. Tamiflu ® - The first known antiviral known to be effective against the Avian Flu. A tablet that is taken by mouth twice a day for 5 days. Should be used within 48 hours of onset of symptoms. Relenza ® - The second known antiviral known to be effective against the Avian Flu. Inhaled as a powder twice a day for 5 days. A special device called a diskhaler is supplied with the medication.

In conclusion, the best methods for protecting you and your family, is to ensure that after taking advice from your health care provider, you become vaccinated. Purchase antiviral drugs and familiarise yourself with the new drug-free 3 minute Cold and Flu procedure, discovered by doctors after an accident with polio virus research. Stay up to date with the excellent free information provided online by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Center For Drug Evaluation And Research); World Health Organisation (WHO) and Centers For Disease Control And Prevention (CDC).

Transmission of Influenza A Viruses Between Animals and People

2005-10-18T11:57:00.000-07:00

We care's animal But...

Transmission of Influenza A Viruses Between Animals and People

Department of Health and Human Service (CDC)

Influenza A viruses have infected many different animals, including ducks, chickens, pigs, whales, horses, and seals. However, certain subtypes of influenza A virus are specific to certain species, except for birds, which are hosts to all known subtypes of influenza A. Subtypes that have caused widespread illness in people either in the past or currently are H3N2, H2N2, H1N1, and H1N2. H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes also have caused outbreaks in pigs, and H7N7 and H3N8 viruses have caused outbreaks in horses.
Influenza A viruses normally seen in one species sometimes can cross over and cause illness in another species. For example, until 1998, only H1N1 viruses circulated widely in the U.S. pig population. However, in 1998, H3N2 viruses from humans were introduced into the pig population and caused widespread disease among pigs. Most recently, H3N8 viruses from horses have crossed over and caused outbreaks in dogs.
Avian influenza A viruses may be transmitted from animals to humans in two main ways:
.Directly from birds or from avian virus-contaminated environments to people.
.Through an intermediate host, such as a pig.

Influenza A viruses have eight separate gene segments. The segmented genome allows influenza A viruses from different species to mix and create a new influenza A virus if viruses from two different species infect the same person or animal. For example, if a pig were infected with a human influenza A virus and an avian influenza A virus at the same time, the new replicating viruses could mix existing genetic information (reassortment) and produce a new virus that had most of the genes from the human virus, but a hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase from the avian virus. The resulting new virus might then be able to infect humans and spread from person to person, but it would have surface proteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) not previously seen in influenza viruses that infect humans.

This type of major change in the influenza A viruses is known as antigenic shift. Antigenic shift results when a new influenza A subtype to which most people have little or no immune protection infects humans. If this new virus causes illness in people and can be transmitted easily from person to person, an influenza pandemic can occur.

It is possible that the process of genetic reassortment could occur in a human who is co-infected with avian influenza A virus and a human strain of influenza A virus. The genetic information in these viruses could reassort to create a new virus with a hemagglutinin from the avian virus and other genes from the human virus. Theoretically, influenza A viruses with a hemagglutinin against which humans have little or no immunity that have reassorted with a human influenza virus are more likely to result in sustained human-to-human transmission and pandemic influenza. Therefore, careful evaluation of influenza viruses recovered from humans who are infected with avian influenza is very important to identify reassortment if it occurs.

Although it is unusual for people to get influenza virus infections directly from animals, sporadic human infections and outbreaks caused by certain avian influenza A viruses and pig influenza viruses have been reported. These sporadic human infections and outbreaks, however, rarely result in sustained transmission among humans.

.Avian Influenza Infection in Humans

October 17, 2005

Although avian influenza A viruses usually do not infect humans, several instances of human infections have been reported since 1997. Most cases of avian influenza infection in humans are thought to have resulted from direct contact with infected poultry or contaminated surfaces. However, there is still a lot to learn about how different subtypes and strains of avian influenza virus might affect humans. For example, it is not known how the distinction between low pathogenic and highly pathogenic strains might impact the health risk to humans. (For more information, see “Low Pathogenic versus Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses” on the CDC (Influenza Viruses Web page).
Because of concerns about the potential for more widespread infection in the human population, public health authorities closely monitor outbreaks of human illness associated with avian influenza. To date, human infections with avian influenza A viruses detected since 1997 have not resulted in sustained human-to-human transmission. However, because influenza A viruses have the potential to change and gain the ability to spread easily between people, monitoring for human infection and person-to-person transmission is important.

Instances of Avian Influenza Infections in Humans
Confirmed instances of avian influenza viruses infecting humans since 1997 include:
H5N1, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, 1997: Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) infections occurred in both poultry and humans. This was the first time an avian influenza A virus transmission directly from birds to humans had been found. During this outbreak, 18 people were hospitalized and six of them died. To control the outbreak, authorities killed about 1.5 million chickens to remove the source of the virus. Scientists determined that the virus spread primarily from birds to humans, though rare person-to-person infection was noted.
H9N2, China and Hong Kong , Special Administrative Region, 1999: Low pathogenic avian influenza A (H9N2) virus infection was confirmed in two children and resulted in uncomplicated influenza-like illness. Both patients recovered, and no additional cases were confirmed. The source is unknown, but the evidence suggested that poultry was the source of infection and the main mode of transmission was from bird to human. However, the possibility of person-to-person transmission could not be ruled out. Several additional human H9N2 infections were reported from China in 1998-99.
H7N2, Virginia , 2002: Following an outbreak of H7N2 among poultry in the Shenandoah Valley poultry production area, one person was found to have serologic evidence of infection with H7N2.
H5N1, China and Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, 2003: Two cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) infection occurred among members of a Hong Kong family that had traveled to China . One person recovered, the other died. How or where these two family members were infected was not determined. Another family member died of a respiratory illness in China , but no testing was done.
H7N7, Netherlands, 2003: The Netherlands reported outbreaks of influenza A (H7N7) in poultry on several farms. Later, infections were reported among pigs and humans. In total, 89 people were confirmed to have H7N7 influenza virus infection associated with this poultry outbreak. These cases occurred mostly among poultry workers. H7N7-associated illness included 78 cases of conjunctivitis (eye infections) only; 5 cases of conjunctivitis and influenza-like illnesses with cough, fever, and muscle aches; 2 cases of influenza-like illness only; and 4 cases that were classified as “other.” There was one death among the 89 total cases. It occurred in a veterinarian who visited one of the affected farms and developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and complications related to H7N7 infection. The majority of these cases occurred as a result of direct contact with infected poultry; however, Dutch authorities reported three possible instances of transmission from poultry workers to family members. Since then, no other instances of H7N7 infection among humans have been reported.
H9N2, Hong Kong , Special Administrative Region, 2003: Low pathogenic avian influenza A (H9N2) infection was confirmed in a child in Hong Kong . The child was hospitalized and recovered.
H7N2, New York , 2003: In November 2003, a patient with serious underlying medical conditions was admitted to a hospital in New York with respiratory symptoms. One of the initial laboratory tests identified an influenza A virus that was thought to be H1N1. The patient recovered and went home after a few weeks. Subsequent confirmatory tests conducted in March 2004 showed that the patient had been infected with avian influenza A (H7N2) virus.
H7N3 in Canada, 2004: In February 2004, human infections of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N3) among poultry workers were associated with an H7N3 outbreak among poultry. The H7N3-associated, mild illnesses consisted of eye infections.
H5N1, Thailand and Vietnam, 2004, and other outbreaks in Asia during 2004 and 2005: In January 2004, outbreaks of highly pathogenic influenza A (H5N1) in Asia were first reported by the World Health Organization. Visit the Avian Influenza section of the World Health Organization Web site for more information and updates.

Symptoms of Avian Influenza in Humans .

The reported symptoms of avian influenza in humans have ranged from typical influenza-like symptoms (e.g., fever, cough, sore throat, and muscle aches) to eye infections (conjunctivitis), pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, viral pneumonia, and other severe and life-threatening complications.

Antiviral Agents for Influenza

Four different influenza antiviral drugs (amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir, and zanamivir) are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of influenza; three are approved for prophylaxis. All four have activity against influenza A viruses. However, sometimes influenza strains can become resistant to these drugs, and therefore the drugs may not always be effective. For example, analyses of some of the 2004 H5N1 viruses isolated from poultry and humans in Asia have shown that the viruses are resistant to two of the medications (amantadine and rimantadine). Monitoring of avian influenza A viruses for resistance to influenza antiviral medications is ongoing. (CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

Diarrhea

2005-10-16T12:31:00.000-07:00

Childhood Diarrhea
American Institute
Diarrhea is when you pass stool many times a day, and it is watery and loose. (Passing stool is called having a “bowel movement.”)
Diarrhea is one way your child’s body fights infection. Diarrhea can also clean out your child’s intestines when he or she eats something bad. Children get diarrhea often, especially mild diarrhea.
Breast-fed babies have many soft bowel movements in a day. They may pass stool every time they eat. Twelve or more bowel movements a day is OK. This is not diarrhea. Bottle-fed babies don’t have as many bowel movements. Even so, 1 or 2 loose stools is not diarrhea. In a baby, diarrhea is many very runny bowel movements.
Many things can cause diarrhea:
Infection by viruses, bacteria, or parasites (A virus is the most common cause. Your child may also throw up, have a fever, have a runny nose, and/or feel very tired. Children can catch these viruses at school or daycare.)
Eating too much of foods they are not used to
Food poisoning

Allergies (Example: milk allergy)
Getting upset
Taking too many laxatives (Example: Teens trying to lose weight sometimes take laxatives.)
Taking some medicines (Example: Antibiotics )
Drinking bad water or food while traveling
Catching an infection from someone else who has been travelling

Watch out for dehydration.
Dehydration is when your body doesn’t have enough water. This is very important if your child is throwing up, too. Dehydration can happen very fast in babies and young children.

Self-Care Tips

Don’t give your child any solid food or milk (except breast milk).
Give your child plenty of clear liquids.
Give 2 ounces an hour to babies.
Give 4 ounces an hour to children between 1 and 5 years old.
Give 5 ounces an hour to older children.
You can buy Pedialyte or Lytren at most drug stores. They have liquid and minerals. Doctors recommend them for babies.
Here are some other clear liquids:
Sport drinks like Gatorade, Power Ade, All Sport
Clear broth
Sodas like ginger ale, flat cola, 7-Up, or Sprite (Mix them half-and-half with water.)
Weak tea with sugar
Popsicles
Jell-O (liquid or solid) Don’t use red Jell-O. It can look like blood in the stool.
Mix 5 teaspoons of sugar and 1/2 teaspoon of salt with 4 cups of water. (Don’t use too much salt.)
Note: Water by itself is not good for children with diarrhea. Give other liquids, too.
Don’t give your child very hot or very cold liquids.
Don’t give your child apple juice. Apple juice can make children’s diarrhea worse.
Give your child as much to drink as they want. Call the doctor if you are not sure.
Call the doctor if your child shows signs of dehydration:
thirsty
muscle cramps
confused or dizzy
weak

When the diarrhea starts to get better, follow these tips:
Feed your child a B.R.A.T. diet. B.R.A.T. stands for ripe Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, and Toast. Give these foods to your child before you try any others.
Feed your child small amounts of soft foods like crackers or cooked potatoes. Don’t give milk or other dairy foods to older children for 1 or 2 days. But do give breast milk or formula to your baby.
Don’t feed your child high-fiber foods like whole-grain bread, bran cereal, or raw fruits and vegetables. Wait until the diarrhea is gone.
Don’t let your child exercise too hard until the diarrhea is all gone.
Don’t give your child Kaopectate, Pepto-Bismol, or any other medicine that has salicylates, if they are under 19 years old unless your doctor tells you to. These medicines, like aspirin have salicylates which have been linked to Reye’s Syndrome, a condition that can kill.
Follow these tips if the diarrhea was caused by an infection:
. Make sure your child washes their hands after they use the toilet.
. Give your child paper towels to dry their hands.
. Have everyone at home wash their hands often, so the infection doesn’t spread. Be sure to wash your hands after changing diapers or washing your child.
. Store and cook foods carefully to keep them fresh. (This is one way to avoid food poisoning.)

First Aid for Breathing Problems

2005-10-16T11:51:00.000-07:00

Sometime We are get panic, the first aid for help we are child,

this maybe can help u :

First Aid for Breathing Problems
American Institute
Some 44 million Americans suffer from allergies and asthma and have trouble breathing during an attack. What's more, there are millions of people who have breathing difficulties because of grey, gritty smog and air polluted by poorly tuned engines and cigarette smoke.
Breathing difficulties also affect people who are very allergic to some types of shellfish, nuts, medications and insect bites. These people can suffer an allergic reaction called anaphylactic shock. This reaction begins within minutes of exposure to the substance causing the allergy. During this type of allergic reaction, the airways narrow, making it difficult to breathe. Soon, the heartbeat races and blood pressure drops. Anaphylactic shock can kill if a person is not treated within 15 minutes.

Breathing difficulties from some things may require emergency care.
In children they include:
. Wheezing
. Croup, a virus with a "barking cough" common in young children
. Epiglottitis, which is inflammation of the flap of tissue at the back of the throat that closes off the windpipe
. Diphtheria, which is a very contagious throat infection
. Heart defects children are born with

In children and adults they include:
. Severe allergic reactions
. A face, head, nose or lung injury
. Carbon monoxide poisoning
. Harsh chemical burns in the air passages
. Choking
. Drug overdose
. Poisoning
. Asthma
. Bronchitis and pneumonia

In adults they include:
. Emphysema
. Congestive heart failure
. Heart attack
. Blood clot in a lung

Prevention
. Avoid allergic substances or agents that induce asthma, if you have it.
. Do not walk, run or jog on roads with heavy automobile traffic.
. If you have a gas furnace, have it checked once a year for carbon monoxide leaks.
. Never leave your car running in a closed garage.
. Make sure immunizations against childhood diseases, especially diphtheria, are up-to-date. This is part of the Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DTP) vaccination.
. If you smoke, quit.
. Keep small objects a child could choke on out of reach and do not give gum, especially bubble gum, nuts, hard candy or popcorn to children under five years old.
. Lock up all medications and poisonous substances so small children can't get to them.

baby

2005-09-24T10:23:00.000-07:00

Preventing the Flu

For all families, prevention is key. Follow these 10 tips to stay healthy this winter:

1. Avoid taking babies or young children into large crowds when the flu is in your area.

2. Avoid close contact, such as kissing and holding, between infants and anyone who has a cold or the flu.

3. Avoid close contact with people who are sick.

4. Wash your hands or use alcohol-based hand sanitizers after being in public or around anyone with a cold or the flu.

5. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze; use a tissue only once and then throw it away. If no tissue is available, cough or sneeze into the inside of your elbow.

6. Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth.

7. Do not share things that go into the mouth, such as drinking cups, straws, spoons, etc.

8. Clean common surfaces, such as doorknobs, refrigerator handles and phones, frequently if someone in your house has a cold or the flu.

9. Keep your child home or stay home yourself if you have the flu (fever, muscle aches, cough).

10. Don't smoke around children, and avoid secondhand smoke.

Warning SignsIf your child experiences any of these symptoms, take the child to your pediatrician or to the emergency department right away.

Flu and Your Baby

influenza (flu) is a contagious illness caused by one of the three influenza viruses (types A, B, C). These viruses spread through the air in droplets from an infected person’s cough or sneeze, as well as by contact with infected surfaces or hands (for example, poor hand washing).If your child suddenly develops a high fever (above 101° F) accompanied by chills, muscle aches, fatigue, headache, dry cough and runny nose, he or she may have the flu. The fever and most other symptoms last about five days, though the cough may linger for several weeks. Antibiotics are not effective in treating the flu.Some children with chronic health problems are at increased risk of serious complications from the flu. These children include those with asthma, heart disease, sickle cell disease, diabetes, HIV and those undergoing cancer treatment, as well as children living in households with someone with these conditions. After these children reach six months of age, they should receive the flu shot each fall.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also encourage vaccination of healthy children between the ages of 6 and 23 months. This age group is at increased risk of complications and hospitalization due to the flu. The flu shot is also recommended for older children and other family members to help the disease from spreading within the household.Call your child's doctor right away if your child:
Develops any fever (more than 100.4° F) in the first three months of life, a temperature of 101° F or greater between three and six months, or 103° F after six months of age
Has trouble breathing, appears to have ear or face pain, or looks very ill (some children develop complications from the flu such as pneumonia, ear or sinus infection)
Has a cough that lingers more than a week or is getting worseWhen your child has the flu, make sure he or she gets lots of rest and drinks plenty of fluids. She may not have much appetite. Offer her small meals that can be easily digested.If your child seems uncomfortable from the fever, ask the doctor if you can give him or her infant’s or children’s acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Motrin or Advil) to help reduce it. Never give aspirin to a child or teenager for any reason. Aspirin can cause a rare, but life-threatening liver disorder called Reye syndrome.Your child most likely is contagious for about 7 days after symptoms begin, so have your child wash the hands frequently. Also wash your hands after caring for your child. Dispose of contaminated tissues promptly to help avoid spreading the illness to other family members. You may be able to reduce your baby’s risk of coming down with the flu by keeping him or her away from crowds when there are a lot of flu cases in your community.

Flu and kids

Begins with one sneeze. One sneeze leads to constant sneezing, which leads to a runny nose, sore throat, watery eyes and before you know it, everyone in the office is out taking care of their children who can't go to daycare or school because they have the flu. Epidemics associated with influenza or the "flu" tend to begin with children and spread.
Symptoms
Influenza, commonly called "the flu," is an infection of the respiratory tract that can easily be confused with the common cold. Typical symptoms of influenza include fever, which can range from 100 to 103 degrees Fahrenheit or higher, and respiratory symptoms such as sore throat, cough and runny nose. Symptoms may also include headache, muscle aches and extreme fatigue.
"Children generally catch the flu at school or in child care and then take the virus home to their parents and siblings," says Dr Daniel New, infection disease specialist at East Tennessee Children's Hospital. "The most common way to spread the virus is through contact with germs after sneezing or coughing."
Most children completely recover from the flu in one to two weeks, but without proper care, children can develop more serious complications such as sinusitis, bronchitis or pneumonia.
Cold or flu?How do you know if your child has brought home a cold or influenza? Although the symptoms are similar, children with the flu are usually sicker and typically get sicker over a very short period of time. If you are still unable to distinguish between a cold and the flu, there are laboratory tests available at your pediatrician's office or the nearest outpatient center.
The first symptoms of flu usually include a red, scratchy throat, hacking cough, watery eyes, runny nose, and a high-grade fever. "All these symptoms just get increasingly worse; the child feels miserable and begins to develop aches and pains in their muscles and joints -- called myositis," says Dr New. "Often these aches and pains can be very intense."
Easing painDr New suggests some things that can be done at home to help ease your child's flu symptoms: have them drink lots of fluids, get plenty of sleep and wash hands regularly. If your child is achy, give him or her a non-aspirin product such as Tylenol or Motrin. Never give your child aspirin to relieve his or her pain or fever because aspirin has been connected with a potentially fatal childhood disease called Rye's syndrome.

articles

Suspected bird flu kills baby 07/09/2004 09:11
Hanoi - A 14-month-old baby boy in Vietnam has died from suspected bird flu despite claims by the government that the deadly disease has been brought under control, officials said on Tuesday.
The baby, who was hospitalised in Hanoi on August 28 and then transferred to the Central Paediatric Hospital for specialist care, died on Sunday, said Nguyen Duc Long, deputy director of the Ministry of Health's legal department.
He denied that the child, Le Viet Anh, had been infected with the lethal H5N1 strain of avian influenza that has already killed 19 people in Vietnam this year and eight others in Thailand.
"The baby tested positive for Type A H5 virus, but this is not bird flu," he said.
However, Hans Troedsson, the World Health Organisation's (WHO) representative in Vietnam, said it was "highly likely" that the child's death was caused by bird flu.
"We suspect that H5N1 was responsible but we need to investigate it further," he said.
The child and his family lived near a market in Hanoi's Thanh Tri district, according to state media.

WHO probing bird flu in cats 03/09/2004 21:39 - (SA)
Geneva - The World Health Organisation said on Friday it was taking seriously a scientific report that domestic cats could contract bird flu and pass it on to humans, but that it had no evidence so far to support it.
"This is an extraordinary finding because it has been thought that cats could not be infected" with the disease, said WHO spokesperson Dick Thompson when asked to comment on the report published in Friday's issue of the journal, Science, in Washington.
Dutch researchers at the Erasmus Medical Centre in Rotterdam reported that six European shorthair cats, which had been experimentally infected with the H5N1 virus, developed avian flu and transmitted it to other cats.
"Cats may form an opportunity for this avian virus to adapt to mammals, thereby increasing the risk of a human influenza pandemic," said the research team led by Thijs Kuiken.
Taking a harder look at possibility
Bird flu has killed 27 people in Asia this year.
"We are going to be looking at cats to see if they play any role in the human disease," Thompson said.
"There is no indication now that they do, but that is something that we are going to have to take a harder look at," he added.
In their report, the Dutch team said the cats in the study appeared to be resistant to the H3N2 strain of bird flu, the most-prevalent form of the virus in humans.

Flu in pigs: No need to panic 23/08/2004 10:13 - (SA)
Penang - The reported discovery of a lethal strain of bird flu in Chinese pigs has taken the world closer to a human flu pandemic but there is no need to panic yet, the World Health Organisation said on Monday.
WHO regional director for the Western Pacific, Shigeru Omi, was speaking at a news conference here shortly before China's agriculture ministry denied the flu was found in pigs this year.
The ministry did not say whether it had been discovered in pigs in 2003.
Need for vigilance
Asked about the threat of a global epidemic if pigs had been infected, Omi said: "Of course it's a little bit closer but how close we don't know. This is one factor we have to monitor very closely."
The WHO needed to study how widespread the virus was among pigs, he said. "At this point there is no need for the global community to panic but we need to remain vigilant."
A respected Chinese researcher told a conference in Beijing last week the H5N1 virus was discovered in pigs in the south-eastern province of Fujian in 2003 and in "another place" in 2004, but only in one farm.
Scientists have warned that if pigs are infected the virus could mutate to a more lethal form which could spread more easily to humans. Pigs are a "mixing vessel" in which viruses swap genes.
H5N1 is the most deadly strain of the bird flu virus and has killed 27 people across Asia this year.
Omi said the struggle to eliminate bird flu in Asia would take several years.
"The WHO view is that this is a long battle that we have to fight for several years at least. We cannot finish it this year because the virus is circulating among poultry, wild birds and migratory birds," he said.

Flu (0-12 Months)
An article fromBabyCenter.com
Recognizing flu symptoms in young children and how to help your baby feel better and prevent recurrences.
How can I tell if my baby has the flu?
Sometimes it's not easy. In young children flu symptoms resemble those of other illnesses such as colds. That said, your baby is more likely to have the flu if he gets sick between November and April (prime flu season) and experiences the sudden onset of fever, typically 101 degrees or higher; fatigue; and chills, followed by respiratory symptoms such as a runny nose and a dry cough. (Hint: If congestion or coughing shows up much before the fever, it's more likely your child has a cold.) He may also be irritable and have a poor appetite, sore throat, and swollen glands. The flu can also bring on diarrhea and vomiting. My baby is home full-time with me. How could he have picked up the flu?
The flu viruses (influenza A and influenza B) become pretty potent pathogens in close quarters. They spread easily through the air. If your baby is near a person with the flu who is coughing or sneezing, he'll breathe those infected droplets in through his mouth or nose and get infected.Because the flu proliferates when people are in close contact, it goes through schools, daycare centers, playgroups, and families like wildfire. Usually, the unsuspecting victim will get sick one to three days after exposure. It's possible your baby became infected at your last playgroup or other gathering with children. Or someone else in your family may have been infected yet developed only mild symptoms that you wrote off as a cold, even though it was actually the flu (the severity of the flu differs from person to person). My baby is miserable. What can I do to make him feel better?
For an infant, the best treatment is bed rest and plenty of fluids. For an older baby who is eating some solid foods, try frozen fruit bars as a way of encouraging him to get extra liquids. Soup or broth may ease his congestion as well. For muscle aches and fever, give your baby a pain reliever such as children's acetaminophen or ibuprofen. (Never give a child aspirin unless your doctor recommends it, especially when he has a viral infection; this can cause Reye's syndrome, a rare but potentially life-threatening condition.)While it's always a good idea to call your doctor about any illness in a young baby, don't pressure your pediatrician for medication. You may have heard of antiviral drugs that can help halt the flu's progression, but they haven't been approved for children less than a year old. Antibiotics are also off limits. A virus, not bacteria, causes the flu, so antibiotics won't work. In some cases, however, if your baby develops a secondary bacterial infection, such as pneumonia, an ear infection, or bronchitis, antibiotics are in order.Your baby should start feeling better in three to five days -- you'll notice his fever break first and then his appetite should return. But this is just an average. Some babies (and older children and adults) have the cough and flu-associated body aches for two weeks or more. What can I do to prevent my baby from getting the flu again?
The good news is, if he has the flu now, he's less likely get it again this year because he's developed immunity to the strain currently roaming around. But next year is another story. The type of virus that causes influenza changes every year. If your baby is under 6 months of age, the best advice is to keep him away from other flu sufferers.If your baby is between 6 and 23 months, your best bet, according to the current guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), is to have your child get the flu vaccine. Until recently, health officials didn't routinely recommend the shot for babies and toddlers because they considered it only moderately effective in children under age 2. But new research finds that the shot can protect very young children from developing serious flu-related complications, like pneumonia.The vaccine is particularly important if your child is in a high-risk group: if he has diabetes, a suppressed immune system, severe anemia, or chronic heart, lung (including asthma), or kidney disease. Children on long-term aspirin therapy for diseases such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis are also good candidates for the flu vaccine because aspirin puts them at risk for Reye's syndrome -- a rare, but potentially fatal disease -- if they come down with a virus.If you decide to have your child vaccinated, you should do it in the fall or early winter so your child will have enough time to develop immunity before flu season gets into full swing, usually in January. If your child has never been vaccinated for influenza, keep in mind that he'll need two shots, one month apart, to build immunity, so schedule his vaccines accordingly.Babies under 6 months of age are also at increased risk from flu-related complications, but the vaccine has not yet been approved for this age group. You can protect your infant by reducing his exposure to the flu bug -- namely, by making sure that everyone who comes into regular contact with him has been vaccinated.Tell your pediatrician if you have a family history egg allergies. If it's likely that your child will have a severe egg allergy, he probably shouldn't receive the flu vaccine, since it's made with egg protein. The flu vaccine can be given to a child who is mildly sick (such as with a cold), even if he has a low fever.Note, too, that although flu shots are one of the few vaccines still made with the preservative thimerosal, which contains ethylmercury, the CDC has concluded that the benefits of the flu shot outweigh any potential risks from thimerosal for children. Although thimerosal has now been removed from most childhood vaccines, it has never been shown to be harmful and is still used in other drug products. When should I call my child's pediatrician?
Call your baby's doctor:- At the first sign of the flu if your child is HIV-positive or has a chronic illness (such as cancer; sickle-cell anemia; diabetes; or lung, heart, or kidney disease).- At the first sign of flu if he has rheumatoid arthritis or Kawasaki syndrome, both of which are treated with long-term aspirin (in this case, the benefits of aspirin outweigh the tiny risk of Reye's syndrome).- If your baby seems to have an earache or severe pain in his face or forehead (he may have an ear infection or sinusitis).- If your baby has persistent chest pain and fever, or if he's wheezing and coughing up discolored mucus (he may have pneumonia or bronchitis).- If he becomes sick again soon after bouncing back from the flu, or if he has a high fever for more than three to four days (he may have a secondary infection that needs to be treated).- Anytime a baby under 3 months has a rectal temperature of 100.4 degrees F (38 degrees C) or higher.